A Hybrid Analysis for Security Protocols with State

Cryptographic protocols rely on message-passing to coordinate activity among principals. Each principal maintains local state in individual local sessions only as needed to complete that session. However, in some protocols a principal also uses state to coordinate its different local sessions. Sometimes the non-local, mutable state is used as a means, for example with smart cards or Trusted Platform Modules. Sometimes it is the purpose of running the protocol, for example in commercial transactions. Many richly developed tools and techniques, based on well-understood foundations, are available for design and analysis of pure message-passing protocols. But the presence of cross-session state poses difficulties for these techniques. In this paper we provide a framework for modeling stateful protocols. We define a hybrid analysis method. It leverages theorem-proving---in this instance, the PVS prover---for reasoning about computations over state. It combines that with an "enrich-by-need" approach---embodied by CPSA---that focuses on the message-passing part. As a case study we give a full analysis of the Envelope Protocol, due to Mark Ryan

\u3cem\u3eSignificant Montana Cases\u3c/em\u3e

In the fall of 2022, the Montana Supreme Court was thrust into the national spotlight in the wake of the United States Supreme Court’s June decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. Political commentators around the country closely watched the election for one of two seats on the highest court in the Treasure State, speculating as to whether the balance would tip in favor of justices likely to follow the direction of the United States Supreme Court and overturn Montana’s constitutional protection of abortion. The judicial election raised questions of partisan influence among the members of Montana’s highest bench as liberal and conservative officials endorsed incumbent Justice Ingrid Gustafson and her challenger, James Brown, respectively. Much of the media coverage focused on the right to privacy as codified in the Montana Constitution, and the question of whether the Montana Supreme Court would continue to construe that provision as protecting the right to obtain an abortion. Since 2020, the Montana Law Review has regularly published a discussion of cases likely to affect the attorney practicing law in Montana. Several decisions within this edition of Significant Montana Cases show further examples of the Court considering the right to privacy, including Rogers v. Lewis & Clark County (pertaining to inmate strip searches) and State v. Mefford (warrantless cell phone searches). The Court in 2022 also grappled with election law, as detailed in the below summaries of McDonald v. Jacobsen and Montana Democratic Party v. Jacobsen. While space did not allow a summary of all impactful Montana Supreme Court decisions from the previous term, the authors hope that the recapitulations included prove useful to the Montana legal community

The Social Architecture of Local Food Tourism: Challenges and Opportunities for Community Economic Development

Local food tourism—culinary tourism with an explicit emphasis on local food systems—is emerging as a “green” model for community economic development. However, do local food tourism networks constitute a net gain to community economies in all contexts? This article explores that question through surveys and interviews with farmers, restaurateurs, and food tourists in three Wisconsin counties. Framing our discussion using the community capitals framework, we argue that economic benefits do accrue to communities from participation in these networks, but the net gains are ambiguous. Specifically, involvement in local food tourism networks increases stocks of social and human capital, deepens marketing opportunities for participating enterprises, and confers a price premium for food marketed as local. However, there can be significant transaction costs associated with participation, certain types of natural and cultural capital must prefigure successful execution, and restaurateurs levy significant power over farmers within the local food network. These tradeoffs demonstrate that growth in particular community capitals may not always be unequivocally good for communities

The Reduction of Metabolic Cost While Using Handrail Support During Inclined Treadmill Walking is Dependent on the Handrail-use Instruction

International Journal of Exercise Science 7(4) : 339-345, 2014. Inclined treadmill walking is a commonly performed activity to increase cardiovascular health. Handrail support on a treadmill provides an individual the opportunity to change their posture with respect to the walking surface. Differences in metabolic cost during inclined walking due to postural changes with handrail use are unknown. To test the hypothesis that metabolic cost will differ depending on how handrail support is used, respiratory gas analysis was performed during inclined walking in 13 healthy subjects. Energy expenditure was quantified while each subject walked in four conditions: 5% incline unsupported, 10% incline unsupported, 10% incline holding the handrails while maintaining an upright posture, and 10% incline holding the handrails while leaning backward. Energy expenditure (kcal min-1) was significantly higher for 10% unsupported (8.83 ± 1.60, P \u3c .001) and 10% upright (7.77 ± 2.51, P \u3c .001) relative to 5% unsupported (6.32 ± 1.14). No significant difference was found between 10% leaning backward (6.02 ± 2.19) and 5% unsupported. Altering posture with respect to the inclined walking surface by holding the handrails and leaning backward significantly reduces metabolic cost; however, utilizing the handrails and remaining upright does not result in a significant reduction at a 10% incline. These data, in concert with subjective measures of perceived effort, may prove valuable in the instruction and/or prescription of treadmill walking for a general fitness or weight loss regimen

New Atheist Approaches to Religion

In this article, we examine in detail the New Atheists' most serious argument for the conclusion that God does not exist, namely, Richard Dawkins's Ultimate 747 Gambit. Dawkins relies upon a strong explanatory principle involving simplicity. We systematically inspect the various kinds of simplicity that Dawkins may invoke. Finding his crucial premises false on any common conception of simplicity, we conclude that Dawkins has not given good reason to think God does not exist

A Template for Analyzing and Projecting Labor Market Indicators

This note is a reference guide for the unemployment template, an econometric tool that allows researchers to analyze and project labor market indicators for any country with sufficient data coverage. Section I explains the motivation behind designing a new surveillance tool to study labor markets, and summarizes the key features of the template. Section II details the data inputs needed and their sources. Section III describes the methods used to estimate the employment-growth elasticity, a measure of the extent to which employment responds to output. Section IV outlines the medium-term outlook table and projection charts created by the template once the inputs are customized to generate an appropriate elasticity. Finally, Section V presents a discussion of how to interpret the results produced by the template, and of the issues that arise from projecting labor market indicators