Is there a future for wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. silvestris) in the Rhine Valley?

The wild grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. subsp. silvestris (Gmelin) Hegi, is considered to be an endangered taxon in Europe, mainly as a consequence of the introduction of pathogens from North America and of the destruction of its habitat. In the Rhine Valley, nearly all populations disappeared due to river management, the intensi.cation of forestry, and the introduction of phylloxera. After a growing awareness of the need to preserve endangered forest ecosystems, attempts to reintroduce wild grapevine in the Rhine Valley were performed, particularly in the French nature reserves Erstein and Offendorf since 1992. However, regular surveys of the plants indicate the rapid decline of the populations. In 2002, we proposed to summarise the knowledge accumulated after 10years of experiments. Results indicate that from the initial 91 individuals planted in 1992, only 14 survived in 2002 (2 in Erstein, 12 in Offendorf). The failure of the experiment may be explained by several factors: unsuitable sites (too shady, absence of support for the young plants), absence of monitoring, vandalism or predation. According to these results and recent knowledge of the ecology of the plant and of vines in general, new transplantation experiments are proposed in which the plants will be monitored during their establishment in the forests. The success of this second transplant (50 plants per reserve) will be enhanced by restoration projects of the Rhine River dynamics, with partial re-.ooding. Floods should help to avoid, or at least to reduce, pest and disease expansion on future adult plant

Effects of eight neuropsychiatric copy number variants on human brain structure

Many copy number variants (CNVs) confer risk for the same range of neurodevelopmental symptoms and psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. Yet, to date neuroimaging studies have typically been carried out one mutation at a time, showing that CNVs have large effects on brain anatomy. Here, we aimed to characterize and quantify the distinct brain morphometry effects and latent dimensions across 8 neuropsychiatric CNVs. We analyzed T1-weighted MRI data from clinically and non-clinically ascertained CNV carriers (deletion/duplication) at the 1q21.1 (n = 39/28), 16p11.2 (n = 87/78), 22q11.2 (n = 75/30), and 15q11.2 (n = 72/76) loci as well as 1296 non-carriers (controls). Case-control contrasts of all examined genomic loci demonstrated effects on brain anatomy, with deletions and duplications showing mirror effects at the global and regional levels. Although CNVs mainly showed distinct brain patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) loaded subsets of CNVs on two latent brain dimensions, which explained 32 and 29% of the variance of the 8 Cohen’s d maps. The cingulate gyrus, insula, supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum were identified by PCA and multi-view pattern learning as top regions contributing to latent dimension shared across subsets of CNVs. The large proportion of distinct CNV effects on brain morphology may explain the small neuroimaging effect sizes reported in polygenic psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, latent gene brain morphology dimensions will help subgroup the rapidly expanding landscape of neuropsychiatric variants and dissect the heterogeneity of idiopathic conditions

L’abbaye d’Ambronay, des Bénédictins aux Mauristes, transformation de l’espace monastique

Douard-Borel Anne-France. L’abbaye d’Ambronay, des Bénédictins aux Mauristes, transformation de l’espace monastique. In: Espace ecclésial et liturgique au Moyen Âge. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 2010. pp. 91-102. (Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 53

L’abbaye d’Ambronay, des Bénédictins aux Mauristes, transformation de l’espace monastique

Douard-Borel Anne-France. L’abbaye d’Ambronay, des Bénédictins aux Mauristes, transformation de l’espace monastique. In: Espace ecclésial et liturgique au Moyen Âge. Lyon : Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, 2010. pp. 91-102. (Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, 53

Influence du régime sur la plasticité gliale dans le complexe dorso-vagal

International audienc

Plasticité gliale dans le complexe dorso-vagal en réponse à des régimes « gras-sucrés » de type occidental

International audienceIntroduction et but de l’étudeLe surpoids et l’obésité sont en partie causées par des altérations du contrôle neurophysiologique de la prise alimentaire. Dans l’hypothalamus les plasticités gliale (activations astrocytaire et microgliale) et neuronale (renouvellement neuronal) jouent un rôle dans la régulation de la prise alimentaire en fonction des besoins de l’organisme (régulation de la sensation de faim et de satiété en fonction des apports énergétiques) et notamment dans l’adaptation aux régimes riches en énergie. Pour mieux comprendre ces mécanismes, il est important de caractériser les modifications plastiques de la glie dans des structures cérébrales participant à la régulation de la prise alimentaire autres que l’hypothalamus, comme le complexe dorso-vagal dans le tronc cérébral. Nous avons plus spécifiquement ciblé l’area postrema (AP), dont les neurones reçoivent les informations en provenance du système digestif par la voie nerveuse (nerf vague et projections du noyau du tractus solitaire [NTS]) et par la voie sanguine (hormones et métabolites circulants). L’objectif de cette étude était de caractériser les modifications plastiques de la glie dans l’AP et le NTS, chez le rongeur, en réponse à l’exposition à un régime gras et sucré de type occidental, administré de façon chronique ou lors d’épisodes répétés.Matériel et méthodesNous avons analysé, sur des coupes de tronc cérébral dans l’AP et le NTS, la plasticité morphologique des astrocytes (déploiement des prolongements astrocytaires) par immunomarquage de la GFAP, et la plasticité phénotypique de la microglie (activation microgliale caractérisée par des modifications morphologiques) par immunomarquage de Iba1 sur deux modèles de rongeurs :– des rats soumis pendant 1 mois à un régime pro-inflammatoire, riche en lipides et sucres, et pauvre en fibres ;– des souris soumises à des épisodes courts et répétés d’un régime riche en lipides et sucres, modèle de souris « yoyo », en régime standard au moment du sacrifice, permettant de caractériser la persistance des effets de l’exposition à ces régimes.Résultats et analyse statistiqueNous avons montré une augmentation du déploiement astrocytaire et un épaississement de la barrière astrocytaire entre l’AP et le NTS après 1 mois de régime gras-sucré chez le rat ainsi qu’après une exposition répétée à un régime gras-sucré chez la souris. En revanche nous n’avons pas observé de modification du nombre ou de la morphologie des cellules microgliales, chez les rats et souris soumis au régime gras-sucré, ce qui suggère l’absence d’activation microgliale dans ces régions.ConclusionCes résultats mettent en évidence un phénomène de plasticité astrocytaire renforçant la barrière entre l’AP et le NTS (deux régions mitoyennes du tronc cérébral impliquées dans la satiété) en réponse à des régimes de type occidental (gras-sucrés). Cet effet est observé après une exposition chronique chez le rat ou après des expositions répétées chez la souris, ce qui suggère la persistance de l’impact du régime sur la barrière astrocytaire. Cette modification astrocytaire dans le complexe dorso-vagal pourrait ainsi jouer un rôle dans l’adaptation de la prise alimentaire aux besoins énergétiques de l’organisme

Risks and Benefits of Prophylactic Transfusion before Cholecystectomy in Sickle Cell Disease

Preoperative transfusion (PT) reduces acute postoperative vaso-occlusive events (VOE) in sickle cell disease (SCD), but exposes patients to alloimmunization, encouraging a recent trend towards transfusion sparing. The aim of this study was to investigate the benefit–risk ratio of PT before cholecystectomy on the occurrence of postoperative VOE. Adult SCD patients who underwent cholecystectomy between 2008 and 2019 in our center were included. Patients’ characteristics, collected retrospectively, were compared according to PT. A total of 79 patients were included, 66% of whom received PT. Gallbladder histopathology found chronic cholecystitis (97%) and gallstones (66%). Transfused patients underwent more urgent surgeries and had experienced more painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in the month before surgery (p = 0.05). Four (8.5%) post-transfusion alloimmunizations occurred, and two of them caused a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction (DHTR) (4.3%). The occurrence of postoperative VOE was similar between the groups (19.2% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.45). Though not statistically significant, a history of hospitalized VOC within 6 months prior to surgery seemed to be associated to postoperative VOE among non-transfused patients (75% vs. 31.6%, p = 0.10). PT before cholecystectomy exposes to risks of alloimmunization and DHTR that could be avoided in some patients. Recent VOCs appear to be associated with a higher risk of postoperative VOE and prompt the preemptive transfusion of these patients

Pelvic exenteration by robotically-assisted laparoscopy: A feasibility series of 6 cases

After concomitant chemo-radiation therapy, 20 to 30% of advanced cervical cancers recur in irradiated territory. Pelvic exenteration remains a therapeutic option for selected patients. However, this procedure remains complex because of tissue fragility after radiotherapy and their associated co-morbidities. Minimally invasive surgery such as robotically assisted laparoscopy may overcome these surgical challenges. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of pelvic exenteration with robotically assisted laparoscopy.Patients who underwent this procedure between 2015 and 2016 were included. Patients characteristics, treatment indication, intraoperative events, immediate and late complications, and histological outcomes were recorded.The data of 6 patients were analyzed. The primary cancer staging ranged from IB1 to IIB. All cases were loco-regional recurrence and 2 cases presented with with vesico-vaginal fistula. All patients had a history of pelvic irradiation. The mean operative time was 6.7 h. No complications occurred during surgery. The average hospital stay was 11.5 days. Immediate complications were mostly represented by urinary tract infections (4/5). Histological margins were clear in 67% (4/6), and a focal involvement was found in 33% (2/6) of cases. Late complications occurred within 82 days on average and included stenosis of ileal anastomosis, wound infection, acute renal failure, and pulmonary embolism. Revision surgery was necessary in 2 cases. There were 3 local recurrences occurring within an average of 215 days.In the light of these results, pelvic exenteration by robotically assisted laparoscopy may represent a valuable treatment modality of recurrent cervical cancer with low immediate postoperative morbidity