42 research outputs found
Supermodes of Hexagonal Lattice Waveguide Arrays
We present a semi-analytical formulation for calculating the supermodes and
corresponding Bloch factors of light in hexagonal lattice photonic crystal
waveguide arrays. We then use this formulation to easily calculate dispersion
curves and predict propagation in systems too large to calculate using standard
numerical methods.Comment: Accepted by J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, DocID:160522.
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?msid=16052
Dispersionless tunneling of slow light in antisymmetric photonic crystal couplers
We suggest a novel and general approach to the design of
photonic-crystal directional couplers operating in the slow-light regime.
We predict, based on a general symmetry analysis, that robust tunneling of
slow-light pulses is possible between antisymmetrically coupled photonic
crystal waveguides. We demonstrate, through Bloch mode frequencydomain
and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations that, for
all pulses with strongly reduced group velocities at the photonic band-gap
edge, complete switching occurs at a fixed coupling length of just a few unit
cells of the photonic crystal
Absorption enhancing proximity effects in aperiodic nanowire arrays
Aperiodic Nanowire (NW) arrays have higher absorption than equivalent
periodic arrays, making them of interest for photovoltaic applications. An
inevitable property of aperiodic arrays is the clustering of some NWs into
closer proximity than in the equivalent periodic array. We focus on the modes
of such clusters and show that the reduced symmetry associated with cluster
formation allows external coupling into modes which are dark in periodic
arrays, thus increasing absorption. To exploit such modes fully, arrays must
include tightly clustered NWs that are unlikely to arise from fabrication
variations but must be created intentionally.Comment: Accepted by Optics Expres
Double-heterostructure cavities: from theory to design
We derive a frequency-domain-based approach for radiation (FAR) from
double-heterostructure cavity (DHC) modes. We use this to compute the quality
factors and radiation patterns of DHC modes. The semi-analytic nature of our
method enables us to provide a general relationship between the radiation
pattern of the cavity and its geometry. We use this to provide general designs
for ultrahigh quality factor DHCs with radiation patterns that are engineered
to emit vertically
Optimizing Photovoltaic Charge Generation of Nanowire Arrays: A Simple Semi-Analytic Approach
Nanowire arrays exhibit efficient light coupling and strong light trapping,
making them well suited to solar cell applications. The processes that
contribute to their absorption are interrelated and highly dispersive, so the
only current method of optimizing the absorption is by intensive numerical
calculations. We present an efficient alternative which depends solely on the
wavelength-dependent refractive indices of the constituent materials. We choose
each array parameter such that the number of modes propagating away from the
absorber is minimized while the number of resonant modes within the absorber is
maximized. From this we develop a semi-analytic method that quantitatively
identifies the small range of parameters where arrays achieve maximum short
circuit currents. This provides a fast route to optimizing NW array cell
efficiencies by greatly reducing the geometries to study with full device
models. Our approach is general and applies to a variety of materials and to a
large range of array thicknesses.Comment: Accepted by ACS Photonic
First-principles method for high- photonic crystal cavity mode calculations
We present a first-principles method to compute radiation properties of
ultra-high quality factor photonic crystal cavities. Our Frequency-domain
Approach for Radiation (FAR) can compute the far-field radiation pattern and
quality factor of cavity modes times more rapidly than conventional
finite-difference time domain calculations. It also provides a simple rule for
engineering the cavity's far-field radiation pattern
Paired modes of heterostructure cavities in photonic crystal waveguides with split band edges
We investigate the modes of double heterostructure cavities where the underlying photonic crystal waveguide has been dispersion engineered to have two band-edges inside the Brillouin zone. By deriving and using a perturbative method, we show that these structures possess two modes. For unapodized cavities, the relative detuning of the two modes can be controlled by changing the cavity length, and for particular lengths, a resonant-like effect makes the modes degenerate. For apodized cavities no such resonances exist and the modes are always non-degenerate. © 2010 Optical Society of America
The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
INTRODUCTION
Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic.
RATIONALE
We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs).
RESULTS
Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants.
CONCLUSION
Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century