Global impact of unconventional energy resources/ edited by Manochehr Dorraj and Ken Morgan.

Includes bibliographical references and index.This volume presents the reader with a comprehensive account of the development of shale oil and gas reserves globally. This study provides a comparative perspective that enables readers to situate the unique US experience in a broader global context and appreciate the limitations of reproducing it elsewhere in the immediate future.Cover; Global Impact of Unconventional Energy Resources; Global Impact of Unconventional Energy Resources; Copyright page; Contents; Acknowledgments; Chapter 1; Global Impact of Unconventional Energy Resources; Contribution of this volume; Summary of chapters and the content of the book; Notes; Chapter 2; The Miracle of the US Shale Experience; Brief history of George Mitchell and Mitchell Energy; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 3; Midland, Texas; Frack quakes; Midland: The Wolfberry Trend; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 4; Eastern US Shale DevelopmentBackground of shale gas development in the eastern United StatesAppalachian shale production trends; Water resources and environmental issues associated with shale gas development; Economic considerations of eastern shale gas extraction-new historic trends; Shale gas to market-the implications of midstream infrastructure; The move toward US LNG exports: The economic and policy impacts of shale gas in the global dialogue; Trends in next 3-5 years on siting facilities in North America; The rise of social media and the challenges of social license in the public policy energy debate; ConclusionNotesChapter 5; The International Impact of the Shale Revolution; Trends in US oil production, demand, and trade; Impact on Saudi Arabia; The Saudi reaction; The impact of the Saudi action; The impact on OPEC; The impact on US foreign policy toward the Middle East; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 6; Facets of Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration and Production in Canada1; Types of unconventional gas resources in Canada; Shale gas; Tight gas; Shallow biogenic gas; Regulatory agencies; Current state of the industry; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 7The Socio-Legal Dimensions of the Development of Unconventional Petroleum in AustraliaScope and methodology; Unconventional petroleum resources in Australia; Shale gas resources (SGR); Development of CSG resources in Queensland; Regulation of east coast CSG; Central and Western Australia shale gas development; Environmental regulation; Harmonization of unconventional petroleum regulation in Australia; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 8; Unconventional Energy in Europe; Unconventional energy in Europe: Reserve estimates and policy context; Reserves; Regulatory frameworks and political contextEconomicsPoland; Regulatory governance and policy context; Prospects for commercial development; Germany; Regulatory governance and policy context; Prospects for commercial development; Romania; Regulatory governance and policy context; Prospects for commercial development; The United Kingdom; Regulatory governance and policy context; Prospects for commercial development; Conclusion; Notes; Chapter 9; Development of Shale Oil and Gas in Russia; Unconventional oil resources in Russia; Bazhenov formation; Other formations; Main limiting factors and impact of sanctions; Impact of the sanctions1 online resource (vii, 307 pages

Pd on poly(1-vinylimidazole) decorated magnetic S-doped grafitic carbon nitride: an efficient catalyst for catalytic reduction of organic dyes

Abstract A novel magnetic catalyst, (SGCN/Fe3O4/PVIs/Pd) was synthesized by growing of poly(1-vinylimidazole) on the surface of ionic liquid decorated magnetic S-doped graphitic carbon nitride, followed by stabilization of palladium nanoparticles. Catalytic activity of the prepared heterogeneous catalyst was explored for the catalytic reduction of hazardous dyes, methyl orange and Rhodamine B, in the presence of NaBH4. Besides, the effects of the reaction variables on the catalytic activity were investigated in detail. The kinetics study established that dye reduction was the first order reaction and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 72.63 kJ/mol and 68.35 kJ/mol1 for methyl orange and Rhodamine B dyes, respectively. Moreover, ΔS# and ΔH# values for methyl orange were found to be − 33.67 J/mol K and 68.39 kJ/mol respectively. These values for Rhodamine B were − 45.62 J/mol K and 65.92 kJ/mol. The recycling test verified that the catalyst possessed good stability and reusability, thereby making it a good candidate for the catalytic purposes. Furthermore, a possible catalytic mechanism for dye catalytic reduction over SGCN/Fe3O4/PVIs/Pd was proposed

Ag Nanoparticles Stabilized on Cyclodextrin Polymer Decorated with Multi-Nitrogen Atom Containing Polymer: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Xanthenes

In attempt to broaden the use of cyclodextrin polymer for catalytic purposes, a novel covalent hybrid system was prepared through growth of multi-nitrogen atom containing polymer (PMelamine) derived from reaction of ethylenediamine and 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine on the functionalized cyclodextrin polymer (CDNS). The resulting hybrid system was then utilized as a catalyst support for the immobilization of silver nanoparticles through using Cuscuta epithymum extract as a naturally-derived reducing agent. The catalytic activity of the catalyst, Ag@CDNS-N/PMelamine, for the synthesis of xanthenes through reaction of aldehydes and dimedone in aqueous media was examined. The results showed high catalytic activity and recyclability of the catalyst. It was believed that cyclodextrin in the backbone of the catalyst could act both as a capping agent for Ag nanoparticles and phase transfer agent to bring the hydrophobic substrates in the vicinity of the catalytic active sites and accelerate the reaction rate. Multi-nitrogen atoms on the polymer, on the other hand, could improve the Ag NPs anchoring and suppress their leaching

Generation of transplantable three-dimensional hepatic-patch to improve the functionality of hepatic cells in vitro and in vivo

Cell therapy and tissue engineering (TE) are considered alternative therapeutic approaches to organ transplantation. Since cell therapy approaches achieved little success for liver failure treatment, liver TE is considered a more promising alternative. In this study, we produced a liver tissue equivalent (called "liver-derived extracellular matrix scaffold LEMS-Patch") by co-culture of human bone marrow stromal cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and a hepatoma cell line, Huh7, within an artificial three-dimensional liver-extracellular matrix scaffold. The results showed significant increase in the liver-specific gene expression and hepatic functions, in terms of albumin (ALB) and fibrinogen secretion, urea production, and cytochrome inducibility in the LEMS-Patch compared to controls. In addition, transplanted LEMS-Patch was successfully incorporated into the recipient liver of acute liver failure mice and produced human ALB. Consequently, our data demonstrated that the generated LEMS-Patch could be used as a good platform for functional improvement of hepatic cells in vitro and in vivo. © Copyright 2020, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2020

Modeling of photodegradation process to remove the higher concentration of environmental pollution

Environmental organic pollutants are mineralized to harmless final-products such H2O and CO2 by photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In photocatalytic-AOPs, an appropriate concentration of p-Cresol was mixed with certain amount of ZnO in 500 mL deionized water according to an experimental-design. Then the mixture was irradiated by UV-A lamp at different pH for 6 h. At specific time intervals, the sampling was carried out to calculate the efficiency of the photodegradation. Therefore, the photodegradation as a system consists of four input variables such irradiation time, pH, amount of ZnO and p-Cresol’s concentration while the only output was the efficiency. In this work, the system was modeled and optimized by semi-empirical response surface methodology. To obtain the empirical responses, the design was performed in laboratory. Then observed responses were fitted with several well-known models by regression process to suggest a provisional model. The suggested model which was validated by several statistical evidence, predicted the desirable condition with higher efficiency. The predicted condition consisted of irradiation time (280 min), pH (7.9), photocatalyst (1.5 g L−1), p-Cresol (95 mg L−1) and efficiency (95%) which confirmed by further experiments. The closed confirmation results has presented the removal (efficiency = 94.7%) of higher p-Cresol concentration (95 mg L−1) at shorter irradiation time in comparison with the normal photodegradation efficiency (97%) which included irradiation time (300 min), pH (7.5), photocatalyst amount (1.5 g L−1) and p-Cresol (75 mg L−1). As a conclusion, the modeling which is able to industrial scale up succeeded to remove higher concentration of environmental organic pollutants with ignorable reduction of efficiency

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Dispersed in Various Aqueous Media Using Laser Ablation

The particle size, morphology, and stability of Ag-NPs were investigated in the present study. A Q-Switched Nd: YAG pulsed laser (λ = 532 nm, 360 mJ/pulse) was used for ablation of a pure Ag plate for 30 min to prepare Ag-NPs in the organic compound such as ethylene glycol (EG) and biopolymer such as chitosan. The media (EG, chitosan) permitted the making of NPs with well dispersed and average size of Ag-NPs in EG is about 22 nm and in chitosan is about 10 nm in spherical form. Particle size, morphology, and stability of NPs were compared with distilled water as a reference. The stability of the samples was studied by measuring UV-visible absorption spectra of samples after one month. The result indicated that the formation efficiency of NPs in chitosan was higher than other media and NPs in chitosan solution were more stable than other media during one month storage. This method for synthesis of silver NPs could be as a green method due to its environmentally friendly nature