38 research outputs found

    Stem Cells in a Pluralistic Society: Consequences of Proposed Canadian Legislation

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    [Ă€ l'origine dans / Was originally part of : CRDP - Droit, biotechnologie et rapport au milieu

    Clients' interpretation of risks provided in genetic counseling.

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    Clients in 544 genetic counseling sessions who were given numeric risks of having a child with a birth defect between 0% and 50% were asked to interpret these numeric risks on a five-point scale, ranging from very low to very high. Whereas clients' modal interpretation varied directly with numeric risks between 0% and 15%, the modal category of client risk interpretation remained "moderate" at risks between 15% and 50%. Uncertainty about normalcy of the next child increased as numeric risk increased, and few clients were willing to indicate that the child would probably or definitely be affected regardless of the numeric risk. Characteristics associated with clients' "pessimistic" interpretations of risk, identified by stepwise linear regression, included increased numeric risk, discussion in depth during the counseling session of whether they would have a child, have a living affected child, discussion of the effects of an affected child on relationships with client's other children, and seriousness of the disorder in question (causes intellectual impairment). Client interpretations are discussed in terms of recent developments in cognitive theory, including heuristics that influence judgments about risks, and implications for genetic counseling

    Opinions des génétitiens de 37 pays sur la présélection du sexe

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    Un sondage auprès de généticiens de 37 pays comportait 5 histoires de cas de présélection du sexe au moyen d'un diagnostic prénatal (DPN). Sur les 4 594 personnes sollicitées, 2 895 ont répondu au questionnaire. Parmi les répondants, 47 % (46 % au Canada et 62 % aux États-Unis) avaient reçu ouvertement des demandes. Au total, 49 % accepteraient de procéder à un DPN (29 %) ou orienteraient leur cliente vers le service aproprié (20 %), notamment 72 % aux États-Unis (34 et 38 % pour chacune des options) et 51 % au Canada (17 et 34 % pour chacune des options. Les femmes généticiennes et les conseillers génétiques avaient davantage tendance à acquiescer aux demandes des patientes, surtout en les orientant vers le service approprié. Les réponses laissent percevoir une tendance à acquiescer aux demandes des patientes dans 14 des 19 pays qui avaient participé au même sondage en 1985, notamment aux États-Unis. Les exceptions sont l'Inde (32 %), la Suède (22 %) et la Turquie (10 %), avec une baisse de près de la moitié des réponses favorables. Sauf en Inde et en Chine, peu de répondants attachaient de l'importance aux répercussions sociales de la présélection du sexe. L'auteure analyse les raisons des tendances actuelles.A questionnaire survey of geneticists in 37 nations included 5 cases on sex selection by prenatal diagnosis (PND). Of 4594 asked to participate, 2895 (63%) responded. 47% (46% in Canada; 62% in the U.S.) reported outright requests. 49% would perform PND (29%) or refer (20%), including 72% in the U.S. (34% perform, 38% refer) and 51% in Canada (17% perform, 34% refer). Women geneticists and genetic counselors were more likely to honor patient requests, especially by referral. Responses suggest a trend toward honoring patient requests or offering referrals in 14 of 19 countries surveyed in 1985, including the U.S. India (32%), Sweden (22%), and Turkey (10%) were exceptions, with decreases of almost half. Except in India and China, few respondents assigned importance to social consequences of sex selection. Reasons for current trends are discussed.Una encuesta de profesionales en genética de 37 países comportaba 5 historias de caso de preselección del sexo a través de un diagnóstico prenatal (DP). De las 4.594 personas consultadas, 2.895 respondieron al cuestionario. Entre éstos, 47 % (46 % en Canadá y 62 % en Estados Unidos) habían recibido pedidos explícitos. En total, 49 % aceptaron proceder a un DP (29 %) u orientaron la clientela hacia el servicio apropiado (20 %), especialmente 72 % en Estados Unidos (34 % y 38 % por cada una de las opciones) y 51 % en Canadá (17 % y 34 % por cada una de las opciones). Las profesionales femeninas en genética y los consejeros en genética presentaban una mayor tendencia a consentir a las demandas de los pacientes, sobre todo orientándolos hacia el servicio adecuado. Las respuestas permiten entrcveer una tendencia a aceptar los pedidos de los pacientes en 14 de los 19 países que habían participado en la misma encuesta en 1985, particularmente en Estados Unidos. Las excepciones son India (32 %), Suecia (22 %) y Turquía (10 %) con una reducción de casi la mitad de la respuestas favorables. Salvo en India y en China, pocas personas entre las que contestaron el cuestionario otorgaban importancia a las repercusiones sociales de la preselección del sexo. La autora analiza las razones de las tendencias actuales

    Leave the Door Open to Research

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    Ethical and legal implications of the new genetics: Issues for discussion

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    The so-called 'new genetics,' a phrase sometimes associated with The Human Genome Initiative, poses no really new ethical problems, but exacerbates old ones. The issues of most concern to geneticists and their patients are summarized under the eleven headings below. These issues emerged from a 19-nation study of ethics and genetics in 1985-1986 [1, 2] and from preliminary work on a forthcoming 36-nation study by the same authors.ethics genetics: social/ethical issues genetic screening: ethical issues genetic counselling prenatal diagnosis: ethical issues reproductive technologies
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