The genetic basis of plants’ battle against witchweeds: linking immune responses to distinct resistance mechanisms

Parasitic plants of the Striga species significantly damage cereals in sub-Saharan Africa. Current agricultural practices are insufficient to manage Striga infestation, necessitating sustainable approaches that harness natural resistance mechanisms. Mutinda et al. (2023) examined how different genotypes of sorghum plants resist Striga after it attacks their roots. By comparing transcriptomes, they found that sorghum activates its immune system, and molecular signatures probably associate with distinct resistance mechanisms. This study will inform the development of Striga-resistant sorghum varieties to ward off root parasitic plants

Safety and feasibility of Lin- cells administration to ALS patients : a novel view on humoral factors and miRNA profiles

Therapeutic options for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still limited. Great hopes, however, are placed in growth factors that show neuroprotective abilities (e.g., nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)) and in the immune modulating features, in particular, the anti-inflammatory effects. In our study we aimed to investigate whether a bone marrow-derived lineage-negative (Lin-) cells population, after autologous application into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is able to produce noticeable concentrations of trophic factors and inflammatory-related proteins and thus influence the clinical course of ALS. To our knowledge, the evaluation of Lin- cells transplantation for ALS treatment has not been previously reported. Early hematopoietic Lin- cells were isolated from twelve ALS patients’ bone marrow, and later, the suspension of cells was administered into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture. Concentrations of selected proteins in the CSF and plasma were quantified by multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays at different timepoints post-transplantation. We also chose microRNAs (miRNAs) related to muscle biology (miRNA-1, miRNA-133a, and miRNA-206) and angiogenesis and inflammation (miRNA-155 and miRNA-378) and tested, for the first time, their expression profiles in the CSF and plasma of ALS patients after Lin- cells transplantation. The injection of bone marrow cells resulted in decreased concentration of selected inflammatory proteins (C3) after Lin- cells injection, particularly in patients who had a better clinical outcome. Moreover, several analyzed miRNAs have changed expression levels in the CSF and plasma of ALS patients subsequent to Lin- cells administration. Interestingly, the expression of miR-206 increased in ALS patients, while miR-378 decreased both in the CSF and plasma one month after the cells’ injection. We propose that autologous lineage-negative early hematopoietic cells injected intrathecally may be a safe and feasible source of material for transplantations to the central nervous system (CNS) environment aimed at anti-inflammatory support provision for ALS adjuvant treatment strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate whether the observed effects could significantly influence the ALS progression

Phosphate-dependent root system architecture responses to salt stress

Nutrient availability and salinity of the soil affect growth and development of plant roots. Here, we describe how phosphate availability affects root system architecture (RSA) of Arabidopsis and how phosphate levels modulate responses of the root to salt stress. Phosphate (Pi) starvation reduced main root length and increased the number of lateral roots of Arabidopsis Col-0 seedlings. In combination with salt, low Pi dampened the inhibiting effect of mild salt stress (75mM) on all measured RSA components. At higher NaCl concentrations, the Pi deprivation response prevailed over the salt stress only for lateral root elongation. The Pi deprivation response of lateral roots appeared to be oppositely affected by abscisic acid (ABA) signaling compared to the salt stress response. Natural variation in the response to the combination treatment of salt and Pi starvation within 330 Arabidopsis accessions could be grouped into four response patterns. When exposed to double stress, in general lateral roots prioritized responses to salt, while the effect on main root traits was additive. Interestingly, these patterns were not identical for all accessions studied and multiple strategies to integrate the signals from Pi deprivation and salinity were identified. By Genome Wide Association Mapping (GWAS) 13 genomic loci were identified as putative factors integrating responses to salt stress and Pi starvation. From our experiments, we conclude that Pi starvation interferes with salt responses mainly at the level of lateral roots and that large natural variation exists in the available genetic repertoire of accessions to handle the combination of stresses

The SBT6.1 subtilase processes the GOLVEN1 peptide controlling cell elongation

Maturation of GLV signaling peptides requires two SBT6 subtilases. SBT6 proteolytic activity is further regulated by the Serpin1 inhibitor, implying a complex network that controls cell elongation in Arabidopsis.The GOLVEN (GLV) gene family encode small secreted peptides involved in important plant developmental programs. Little is known about the factors required for the production of the mature bioactive GLV peptides. Through a genetic suppressor screen in Arabidopsis thaliana, two related subtilase genes, AtSBT6.1 and AtSBT6.2, were identified that are necessary for GLV1 activity. Root and hypocotyl GLV1 overexpression phenotypes were suppressed by mutations in either of the subtilase genes. Synthetic GLV-derived peptides were cleaved in vitro by the affinity-purified SBT6.1 catalytic enzyme, confirming that the GLV1 precursor is a direct subtilase substrate, and the elimination of the in vitro subtilase recognition sites through alanine substitution suppressed the GLV1 gain-of-function phenotype in vivo. Furthermore, the protease inhibitor Serpin1 bound to SBT6.1 and inhibited the cleavage of GLV1 precursors by the protease. GLV1 and its homolog GLV2 were expressed in the outer cell layers of the hypocotyl, preferentially in regions of rapid cell elongation. In agreement with the SBT6 role in GLV precursor processing, both null mutants for sbt6.1 and sbt6.2 and the Serpin1 overexpression plants had shorter hypocotyls. The biosynthesis of the GLV signaling peptides required subtilase activity and might be regulated by specific protease inhibitors. The data fit with a model in which the GLV1 signaling pathway participates in the regulation of hypocotyl cell elongation, is controlled by SBT6 subtilases, and is modulated locally by the Serpin1 protease inhibitor

The soil microbiome reduces Striga infection of sorghum by modulation of host-derived signaling molecules and root development

Sorghum bicolor is one of the most important cereals in the world and a staple crop for smallholder famers in sub-Saharan Africa. However approximately 20% of sorghum yield is annually lost on the African continent due to infestation with the root parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. Existing Striga management strategies often show an inconsistent to low efficacy. Hence, novel and integrated approaches are needed as an alternative strategy. Here, we demonstrate that the soil microbiome suppresses Striga infection in sorghum. We associate this suppression with microbiome-mediated induction of root endodermal suberization and aerenchyma formation, and depletion of haustorium inducing factors (HIFs), root exudate compounds that are critical for the initial stages of Striga infection. We further identify microbial taxa associated with reduced Striga infection with concomitant changes in root cellular anatomy and differentiation as well as HIF degradation. Our study describes novel microbiome-mediated mechanisms of Striga suppression, encompassing repression of haustorium formation and induction of physical barriers in the host root tissue. These findings open new avenues to broaden the effectiveness of Striga management practices

A care model for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome

Wstęp: Choroba Guillaina-Barrego (GBS) jest zaliczana do najbardziej rozpowszechnionych ostrych autoimmunologicznych polineuropatii. Najczęstszymi przyczynami warunkującymi jej wystąpienie są infekcje układu pokarmowego oraz oddechowego. Choroba rozwija się bardzo szybko i niespodziewanie. W jej wyniku może dojść do znacznych nieprawidłowości zagrażających życiu. Należą do nich głównie: niewydolność oddechowa, dysautonomia oraz zaburzenia połykania, zwiększające ryzyko zachłyśnięcia się pacjenta. Cel pracy: Celem pracy jest opracowanie modelu opieki nad pacjentem z zespołem Guillaina-Barrego, który może być przydatny pielęgniarce sprawującej opiekę nad chorym z taka jednostką chorobową lub pacjentem diagnozowanym w kierunku jej wystąpienia. Materiał i metody: W pracy wykorzystano analizę aktualnego piśmiennictwa naukowego dotyczącego choroby Guillaina-Barrego. Wyniki: Z racji groźnych powikłań dla życia i zdrowia występujących w konsekwencji GBS postępowanie pielęgniarki powinno charakteryzować się regularnym i wnikliwym obserwowaniem, trafnym interpretowaniem zmian oraz podejmowaniem właściwych interwencji. Główne wnioski: Pielęgniarka w opiece nad chorym z GBS odgrywa bardzo istotną rolę. Właściwie sprawowana opieka umożliwia zapobieganie, jak również wczesne wykrycie zaburzeń, stanowiących zagrożenie dla życia i zdrowia chorego.Introduction: Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is classified as one of the most widespread acute autoimmune polyneuropathies. The most common causes triggering its occurrence are infections of the digestive and respiratory system. The disease develops very rapidly and unexpectedly - it can lead to significant life-threatening abnormalities. They include mainly: respiratory failure, dysautonomia and dysphagia. Aim of the paper: The paper is aimed at developing a care model for patients with GuillainBarré syndrome, which can be useful for nurses taking care of people suffering from this disease entity, or patients diagnosed in its direction. Material and methods: In the paper, an analysis of current scientific literature related to Guillain-Barré syndrome was used. Results: Due to serious life and health threatening complications resulting from GBS, nurse conduct should be characterized by regular and through observation, accurate interpretation of changes and appropriate intervening. Main conclusions:A nurse plays a major role in the care of patients with GBS. Proper care enables prevention, as well as early detection of disorders which are a threat to the life and health of the patient