Melt point and particle size of encapsulated sodium bicarbonates : effect on refrigerated batter quality and muffins baked in the conventional and microwave ovens

Food scientists have investigated the effects of microwave baking primarily on the quality of cakes. Little research has been devoted to the quality of baked products from stored batters and/or the effects of leavening agents in these stored batters. Therefore, the quality of refrigerated batter containing encapsulated sodium bicarbonate differing in encapsulate melt point and particle size of the sodium bicarbonate and muffins baked in two ovens, microwave and conventional, was investigated. Bran muffin batter was prepared with encapsulated sodium bicarbonate with 3 encapsulate melt points (110°F, 125°F, and 140°F) or 2 particle sizes (#1, or very small or #5, coarse). Batter was stored in glass jars at 0-1°C and batter and muffins were tested after 1 da (0 wk), and 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk. Batter tests included pH, CO2 evolution, viscosity, and density. Muffin tests included muffin weight, specific volume, color, and sensory evaluation of microwave and conventional ly baked muffins. Batter pH increased in both encapsulated melt point and particle size studies within the first week of storage (6.1 to 6.5 and 5.8 to 6.0, respectively). Muffins containing the 110°F or 140°F encapsulate melt points and baked in the microwave oven had the highest specific volumes that increased with storage (2.69 to 3.01 and 2.41 to 3.08 cm3/g, respectively); whereas, muffins containing the melt point 125°F encapsulate and baked in the microwave had the lowest specific volume (1.64 to 1.85 cm3/g). Muffins baked in the conventional oven and containing all encapsulate melt points had specific volumes above microwave-baked muffins containing the 125°F melt point encapsulate. Hunter L values for muffins baked in the conventional oven containing al l encapsulate melt points (110°F, 125°F, and 140°F) were lower (35.2, 35.3, and 36.2, respectively) than muffins baked in the microwave (40.1, 37.1, and 41.2, respectively), which agreed with sensory panel scores for color. Panelists evaluated muffins baked in the microwave as flatter than muffins baked in the conventional oven regardless of encapsulate melt point or particle size. Muffins baked in the conventional and microwave ovens containing particle size 1 had greater specific volumes (2.1 and 2.6 cm3/g, respectively) than muffins containing particle size 5 (1.9 and 1.8 cm3/g, respectively). Muffins containing particle size 1 or 5 baked in the conventional oven had lower Hunter L values (35.8 and 35.3, respectively) than muffins baked in the microwave oven (40.2 and 36.9, respectively), which agreed with sensory scores. With regard to the products studied, the 110°F encapsulate melt point sodium bicarbonate was not recommended for use by the supplier due to the possibility of encapsulate degradation during shipping and/or storing. If a product is formulated for use in the microwave, then the 125°F (particle size #5) encapsulate melt point sodium bicarbonate would not be recommended because of the consistently poor performance when baked by this method. Of the encapsulated sodium bicarbonates used in this study, the HO\u27^F melt point and the 125°F (particle size #1) melt point products resulted in the most acceptable muffins. Selection of an encapsulated sodium bicarbonate should be related to the nature of the product, storage time, and baking method

Design of a one-span slab bridge

Bakalárská práca sa zaoberá návrhom doskového mostu o jednom poli. Účelom mostu je prevedenie dopravy cez rieku. Práca zahrňuje návrh dvoch možných variant. Vybranou variantou je doska lichobežníkového prierezu z predpätého betónu, ktorá bola posúdená na medzný stav použiteľnosti a medzný stav únosnosti. Vnútorné sily boli zistené pomocou výpočtového programu Scia Engineer 2015 a porovnané ručným výpočtom pomocou metódy vzdorujúcej šírky. Práca obsahuje aj statický výpočet a výkresovú dokumentáciu.Bachelor thesis deals with the design of slab bridge structure.The purpose of the bridge is to transfer traffic across a river. This work includes design of two potential variants. The chosen variant is a slab of trapezoidal cross-section made from prestressed concrete, which was assessed to serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state. Internal forces were determined by computing program Scia Engineer 2015 and compared with manual calculation, using method of resisting width. This work also includes static analysis and drawing documentation.

Selected Background Information on the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

This report provides background and a legislative history of the legislation and appropriations made to found the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C

NADPH-d activity in rat thymus after the application of retinoid acid

The aim of this work was to determine the localization of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity as the marker for synthesis of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the rat thymus after the application of retinoid acid (RA) on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st days of gestation. The given results can build the basis for understanding of the role of NOS in rat thymus. NADPH-d positive cells were represented with dark-blue color and were localized on corticomedullar junction of the thymus. These cells were of different intensity of coloring and were shaped in oval, circle or irregular forms. NADPH-d positive nerve fibers were observed in perivascular topography. They were marked more strongly in the case of control group. The result of application of RA to gravid rats was that the birth weights of newborn rats and their thymuses were smaller, but without statistically significance

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and AChE activity in the anterior leaflet of rat mitral valve

The mitral valve, as an active flap, forms the major part of the left ventricular inflow tract and therefore plays an important function in many aspects of left ventricular performance. The anterior leaflet of this valve is the largest and most ventrally placed of two leaflets that come together during ventricular systole to close the left atrioventricular orifice. Various neurotransmitters are responsible for different functions including controlling valve movement, inhibiting or causing the failure of impulse conduction in the valve and the sensation of pain. Nitric oxide acts as a gaseous free radical neurotransmitter, neuromediator and effective cardiovascular modulator. Acetyl-choline is known to function as a typical neurotransmitter. Histochemical methods for detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), as an indirect nitric oxide-synthase marker, and method for detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were used. Both methods were performed on the same valve sample. A widespread distribution of nerve fibres was observed in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The fine NADPH-d positive (nitrergic) nerve fibres were identified in all zones of valve leaflet. AChE positive (cholinergic) nerve fibres were identified forming dense network and fibres organized in stripes. Endocardial cells and vessels manifested heavy NADPH-d activity. Our observations suggest a different arrangement of nitrergic and cholinergic nerve fibres in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. The presence of nitrergic and cholinergic activity confirms the involvement of both neurotransmitters in nerve plexuses and other structures of mitral valve

Effect of pesticide bendiocarbamate on distribution of acetylcholine- and butyrylcholine-positive nerves in rabbit's thymus

Many pesticides used in agriculture have a negative effect on organisms. The group of hazardous pesticides includes the cholinesterase inhibitor bendiocarbamate. According to literature, bendiocarbamate has relatively low toxicity in mammals and vertebrates in general, since it does accumulate in their tissues and the cholinesterase activity returns to norm within 24 h after acute exposure. The present study focused on the influence of bendiocarbamate on rabbit thymus after its administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (BW) for the period of 3 months. The thymus was observed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)-positive nerve fibers visualized by histochemical methods. Microscopic findings of BuChE - positive nerve fibers show the same density and the topography by the experimental and the control animals. On the other hand, AChE - positive nerve fibers in experimental animals after administration of bendiocarbamate is only poorly identified, suggesting that bendiocarbamate inhibits AChE but not BuChE