Factors contributing to high delta C-13 values in Cryogenian limestones of western Mongolia

A geochemical study of Cryogenian (late Neoproterozoic) limestones from western Mongolia is presented, including δ13C (carbonate and kerogen), δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr and rare earth element data. Carbon isotope compositions confirm the existence of anomalously high δ13C in Cryogenian seawater with δ13Ccarb> + 10‰. Positive δ13C excursions are explained conventionally by elevated rates of organic carbon burial. However, four additional factors appear likely to have contributed to δ13C excursions during the Cryogenian: (1) increased δ13C of carbon input (δ1) due to the exposure and weathering of carbonate platforms during sea-level falls, (2) increased carbon isotopic discrimination between carbonates and organic carbon (Δδ13C) due to microbial reworking of primary organic matter, (3) locally elevated δ13C in restricted basins and (4) enhanced vertical gradients in seawater δ13C due to redox stratification. All four factors may have contributed to similar positive δ13C excursions at other times, and may help to explain the almost ubiquitous association of eustatic regression, and cooling, with high δ13C during the late Neoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Petrogenesis of Cenozoic basalts from Mongolia: Evidence for the role of Aesthensospheric versus Metasomatized Lithospheric Mantle sources

Diffuse Cenozoic volcanism in Mongolia forms part of a widespread tectono-magmatic province that extends from NE China to Lake Baikal, Siberia. Mafic lavas from the Gobi Altai, southern Mongolia (33 Ma) and Hangai, central Mongolia (<6 Ma) have remarkably similar trace element characteristics, with light rare earth element enrichment (Lan/Ybn = 11·2–46·6) and positive K, Nb and Sr anomalies on mantle-normalized trace element diagrams. On the basis of new crustal xenolith data, it can be demonstrated that the basalts have not experienced significant crustal contamination. Trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic data suggest that these magmas originated by partial melting of a heterogeneous metasomatized amphibole-bearing garnet peridotite mantle source at depths >70 km. Three isotopic end-members can explain the heterogeneity: (1) is similar to bulk silicate Earth with 206Pb/204Pb >17·8 and is asthenospheric; (2) is EM1-like, characterized by low 206Pb/204Pb (>17·062), and may represent mobilized ancient lithospheric mantle; (3) also lithospheric, is characterized by low 143Nd/144Nd (>0·512292) and shows similarities to EM2, although decoupling of isotopic systems suggests a complex enrichment process. The timing of lithospheric enrichment is unconstrained, but may be related to Mesozoic magmatic events and/or melts mobilized during the Cenozoic responding to higher than ambient potential temperature mantle. Published geophysical studies suggest anomalous material at the base of the lithospheric mantle; however, there is no evidence to suggest a high heat flux mantle plume. Volcanism is likely to occur where localized extensional conditions are favourable

New Palaeoscolecid plates from the Cambrian Stage 3 of northern Mongolia

New material of disarticulated paleoscolecid remains have been found in “Small Shelly/Skeletal Fossils” assemblages from Cambrian Stage 3 extracted from a section in the Khubsugul Lake region of northern Mongolia. The current material is composed of isolated phosphatic plates, rendering the whole-body reconstruction and comparisons difficult. However, the morphology of the plates is unique enough to warrant description of a new genus and species Floraconformis egiinensis. The new taxon is characterised by a stellate depression network spreading from the middle that separates numerous elevations. Floraconformis egiinensis gen. et sp. nov. represents one of the oldest records of isolated palaeoscolecid plates

Locating the BACE of the Cambrian: Bayan Gol in southwestern Mongolia and global correlation of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary

The diversification of animals during the Cambrian Period is one of the most significant evolutionary events inEarth’s history. However, the sequence of events leading to the origin of ‘modern’ ecosystems and the exacttemporal relationship between Ediacaran and Cambrian faunas are uncertain, as identification of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and global correlation through this interval remains problematic. Here we review thecontroversies surrounding global correlation of the base of the Cambrian and present new high-resolutionbiostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic and δ13C chemostratigraphic data for terminal Ediacaran to basal Cambrianstrata in the Zavkhan Basin of Mongolia. This predominantly carbonate sequence, through the Zuun-Arts andBayangol formations in southwestern Mongolia, captures a distinct, negative δ13C excursion close to the top ofthe Zuun-Arts Formation recognized as the BAsal Cambrian carbon isotope Excursion (BACE). In this location,the nadir of the BACE closely coincides with first occurrence of the characteristic early Cambrian protoconodontProtohertzina anabarica. Despite recent suggestions that there is an evolutionary continuum of biomineralizinganimals across the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition, we suggest that this continuum is restricted to tubular forms,and that skeletal taxa such as Protohertzina depict ‘true’ Cambrian representatives that are restricted entirely tothe Cambrian. Employing the first appearance of the trace fossil Treptichnus pedum to define the base of theCambrian suffers significant drawbacks, particularly in carbonate settings where it is not commonly preserved.As T. pedum is the only proxy available to correlate the Cambrian Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP) defined at Fortune Head, Newfoundland, we suggest that the GSSP be redefined elsewhere, in a newstratigraphic section that contains secondary markers that permit global correlation. We propose the nadir of theBACE as the favored candidate to define the base of the Cambrian. However, it is essential that the BACE becomplemented with secondary markers. In many global sections the nadir of the BACE and the first occurrence ofthe genus Protohertzina are closely juxtaposed, as are the BACE and T. pedum. Hence these taxa provide essentialbiostratigraphic control on the BACE and increase potential for effective global correlation. We also recommendthat an Auxiliary boundary Stratotype Section and Point (ASSP) be simultaneously established in order toincorporate additional markers that will aid global correlation of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. The BAY4/5 section through the upper Zuun-Arts and Bayangol formations yields key shelly fossils and δ13C values and istherefore an ideal candidate for consideration as the GSSP for the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary

Calcitic shells in the aragonite sea of the earliest Cambrian

The initial acquisition of calcium carbonate polymorphs (aragonite and calcite) at the onset of skeletal biomineralization by disparate metazoans across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is thought to be directly influenced by Earth’s seawater chemistry. It has been presumed that animal clades that first acquired mineralized skeletons during the so-called “aragonite sea” of the latest Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian (Terreneuvian) possessed aragonite or high-Mg calcite skeletons, while clades that arose in the subsequent “calcite sea” of Cambrian Series 2 acquired low-Mg calcite skeletons. Here, contrary to previous expectations, we document shells of one of the earliest helcionelloid molluscs from the basal Cambrian of southwestern Mongolia that are composed entirely of low-Mg calcite and formed during the Terreneuvian aragonite sea. The extraordinarily well-preserved Postacanthellashells have a simple prismatic microstructure identical to that of their modern low-Mg calcite molluscan relatives. High-resolution scanning electron microscope observations show that calcitic crystallites were originally encased within an intra- and interprismatic organic matrix scaffold preserved by aggregates of apatite during early diagenesis. This indicates that not all molluscan taxa during the early Cambrian produced aragonitic shells, weakening the direct link between carbonate skeletal mineralogy and ambient seawater chemistry during the early evolution of the phylum. Rather, our study suggests that skeletal mineralogy in Postacanthella was biologically controlled, possibly exerted by the associated prismatic organic matrix. The presence of calcite or aragonite mineralogy in different early Cambrian molluscan taxa indicates that the construction of calcium carbonate polymorphs at the time when skeletons first emerged may have been species dependen