Effects of 6-Week Supplementation with GliSODin on Parameters of Muscle Damages, Metabolic, and Work Performance at International Level Rowers after Specific Maximal Effort

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with plant origin superoxide dismutase (SOD), GliSODin, on parameters of muscle damage, metabolic, and work performance at international level rowers. Twenty-eight rowers were included in a randomized, double-blind study. The study was conducted during a 6-week preparation period. At the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks of the supplementation period, all rowers were tested on a rowing ergometer. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein before and after every ergometer testing. Muscle damage markers creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), inflammation parameters interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Rowing performance was assessed by lactate level in capillary blood and power output on the rowing ergometer. After supplementation, experimental group had significantly lower CK (p = 0.049) and IL-6 (p = 0.035) before and IL-6 (p = 0.050) after exhausting exercise on ergometer. Relative change of power output at 4 mmol/L concentration of lactate in blood, considering the initial and final test, was significantly higher (p = 0.020) in the supplemented group. It was concluded that GliSODin could be considered a good supplement in preventing some deleterious effects of intensive physical activity, including inflammation and muscle damage, and consequently, to enable a better rowing performance of elite rowers

Functional Dimorphism and Characteristics of Maximal Hand Grip Force in Top Level Female Athletes

The aim of this work is to determine functional dimorphism (FmaxNd/DoHGiso) and model characteristics at maximal isometric hand grip force (FmaxHGiso) in top level female athletes. 275 top level female athletes were tested from Taekwondo, Synchronised Swimming, Track and field, Table tennis, Volleyball, Karate, Skiing, Handball, well-trained students (students of the Academy for Criminalistic and Police studies – ACPS) and Control group. In order to assess the FmaxHGiso, we used standardised equipment, i.e., a sliding device that measures isometric finger flexor force, with a tensiometric probe fixed inside the device. The average values of FmaxHGiso and relative force measured by allometric and classic method for dominant and non-dominant hand grip for the total sample were 381.87±60.28, 344.63±55.60 N; 24.06±3.50, 21.72±3.28 N/BM0.667; 0.62±0.10, 0.56±0.09 N/BM. The average value of FmaxNd/DoHGiso was 0.9030±0.0797. General Significant difference was established between subsamples for the measurement characteristics at the level of Wilks\u27 Lambda 0.476, F=3.276, p=0.000. Maximal average value FmaxHGiso for non-dominant and dominant hand is found in Karate (372.04 ±46.71, 407.04±71.31 N) and minimal in Table tennis (282.00±56.00, 304.00±58.51 N). The minimal index value of FmaxNd/DoHGiso was found in Control group 0.8771±0.0877. Considering defined classification of FmaxNd/DoHGiso, we classified the examinees from different sports in 4 groups: dominant symmetry of functional hand grip relations (Skiing> 0.9595); symmetry (Table tennis and Taekwondo 0.9288 to 0.9594); average (Karate, Volleyball, ACPS, Track and field 0.8980 to 0.9287); asymmetry (Control, Synchronised swimming and Handball 0.8674 to 0.8979). The results obtained can be used to determine criteria decisions from the aspect of diagnostic procedures, metric aspect, medical aspect

How Supplementation with SOD-Rich Plant Extract, Combined with Gliadin, Can Affect Oxidative Stress Markers and Zonulin Levels in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate the influence of supplementation with a superoxide dismutase (SOD)-rich plant extract on markers of oxidative stress, zonulin levels and the performance of elite athletes. Participants were 30 international-level rowers, divided into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The rowers performed a maximal effort incremental test on a rowing ergometer at the beginning and at the end of the study. Markers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), malondialdehyde (MDA), sulfhydryl (SH) groups, bilirubin, uric acid, albumin and zonulin) were determined in serum. A lower TOS (p = 0.010) and OSI (p = 0.004), a lower MDA (p = 0.001) and a higher level of SH groups (p = 0.031) were observed in the experimental group after supplementation. Physical performance was evaluated through metabolic efficiency, taking lactate levels and power output on the ergometer into account. After 6 weeks of supplementation, the relative increase in metabolic efficiency at a 4 mmol/L lactate concentration and maximal effort was significantly higher in the experimental group (p = 0.004 and p = 0.015, respectively). These results suggest that supplementation with a SOD-rich extract promotes lower oxidative stress, better antioxidant protection and, consequently, the better work performance of athletes

DETERMINING THE FUNCTIONS UPON WHICH FORCE GENERATION VELOCITY AND ITS DIMENSIONS ARE CHANGED IN LEG EXTENSORS

INTRODUCTION: The outcome of a judo combat depends on force generation velocity and the levels of its dimensions that vary throughout the combat according to the requirements arising from a specific situation. In order to program force generation velocity change and dimensions that it depends on in an individual, specially designed models are used to determine the principles according to which the followed values behave, in the interval between the beginning of generation and the achievement of maximum force. This was done in the present paper. METHODS: Functions upon which force generation velocity and its dimensions change in time in leg extensors were defined in a subject, top judoist and winner of gold and silver medals in Balkan, European and world competitions, aged 25, with body height BH = 1.91 m and body mass BM = 97.8 kg, using a special hardware-software designed at Police Academy in Belgrade. Force (N) was sampled under isometric conditions, at the angle of 115 degrees of flexion in knee joint, using Belt method (Everts,E.W. et all.,1938; Linfort,A. et all., 1971) at every millisecond. In our research we took data about force (Ft) and time (t) at every 1% of maximum force (Fmax). These data were used to calculate force generation velocity (FGV) expressed in Ns, for every % from 1 to 100. Its dimensions, such as muscle involvement velocity (C) expressed in absolute measures, and force generation velocity change (FGVS1) expressed in N/s, were also calculated for every % from 1 to 100. Force generation velocity change (FGVS2) expressed in N/s was calculated at an interval of 1%. Fitting, by least squares method, was used to determine the function forms affecting the followed values. RESULTS: In the experiment, the subject achieved Fmax of 6719.6 N at the time of 2.461 s. Fitting obtained the following functions that enabled determining the behaviour of force generation velocity and its components in the whole scope of force generation: FGV=1543.1Ln(t)+5604.5; C(t0.2)=-0.0978t3 +1.0727t2 - 2.5403t+3.423; FGVS1(t0.2)=1131.6t4-6607.5t3+13370t2-11042t+3344.3; FGVS2(t0.2) = 254.52t4 -1555.2t3+3484t2-3655.4t+2045.4. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained functions define the principles according to which force generation velocity and its dimensions behaved in the whole scope of generation in the individual subject. The functions are used to simulate the changes in the observed variables according to combat requirements, to design the training methods and to control the effects of the training

AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELIABILITY AND FACTORAL VALIDITY OF SELECTED MUSCLE FORCE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS DURING ISOMETRIC

We applied the “Dead Lift” test in isometric conditions to establish the reliability and factoral validity of pre-selected muscle force mechanical characteristics on a sample of 23 young males. The muscle force mechanical characteristics (hip extensors, trunk extensors and shoulder elevators as a multi-joint system) were represented by maximum voluntary force (Fmax), time needed to reach Fmax (tFmax), rate of force development (RFD), force impulse (ImpF) and maximum value of muscle involvement velocity (Cmax). The results yielded highly acceptable rates for the indicators of sensitivity (cV%), reliability and validity at the significant level of p < 0.001. The standardization of the multi-joint test in isometric testing conditions requires three trials for Cmax and Fmax, where the result is the better value taken at the second or third trial, and three to five trials for RFD, ImpF and tFmax, with the best values taken as the result

200m breaststroke post-competition blood lactate removal characteristics: A case study of an international female swimmer—an example of individual modeling in relation to pool length

The goal of this study was to define the individual model characteristics of lactic acid removal after 200m breaststroke competitive load in a female swimmer in relation to different pool lengths (25m vs. 50m). The second goal was methodological and referred to the presentation of newly applied metrological procedures for the Individual Lactate Recovery Profile modeling. Six races from the competitive season 2021/22 were selected, in which the athlete achieved the most valuable results in relation to the FINA score. To establish the metabolic response of the organism to the competition effort, the method of determining the level of lactate concentration in capillary blood (La in mmol/L) was used. Differences between the mean values of variables were established using ANOVA. The polynomial curve equation function was used to create a blood lactate concentration in a function of recovery time model (La-trecovery). The ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the monitored variables and the pool length function (p=.097). The maximum achieved blood lactate concentration in the acute race recovery phase was 13.17 ± 2.81 and 12.08 ± 1.80 mmol/L and the given concentration initially occurred in the time of 240.0 ± 85.6 s and 169.3 ± 79.9 s in the 25 and 50m pool, respectively. In relation to the time of complete passive recovery required to establish acidosis at the level of 2 mmol/L (25 and 50m pool) occurred in 1191.7 ± 481.3 s and 1326.7 ± 405.1 s, while the full index of intensity of blood lactate clearance was 135.7 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L and 124.0 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L for 25m and 50m pool, respectively, although no statistically significant difference was found between the parameters of recovery in relation to pool length. The offered mathematical models enabled a practical individual approach to controlling the specific adaptation to training for achieving a higher competitive level performance