Calculation of the radiance distribution at the boundary of an isotropically scattering slab

The radiance arising from an anisotropically scattering illuminated stack of n slabs is calculated using the equation of radiative transfer. It appears to be unnecessary to calculate the radiance inside the material; including only the radiance at the boundary surfaces is sufficient to obtain the desired result. The novel method used for the solution of this problem leads immediately in a straightforward and systematic way to the known appropriate basic equations valid for the problem at hand, otherwise derived by ad hoc methods. A new simple set of linear equations for the radiance at the boundary surfaces is derived. This method applies equally well to similar problems with other geometries. Apart from this analytical derivation, this paper presents the results of the numerical solution of the set of equations that we obtained from the equation of radiative transfer, for n = 1. The results of the numerical calculations are compared with what is found in the literature and are found to give very good agreement.

La crisis económica y los imaginarios de futuro: ¿qué efecto ha tenido la crisis económica en nuestra manera de imaginar el futuro?

Aquest estudi examina com construïm els nostres imaginaris de futur i quina influència ha tingut la crisi econòmica de 2008-2009 en aquest sentit. Els imaginaris de futur es conceben com un espai de plans i desitjos per al futur, que no depenen solament de la història de vida d’una persona, sinó també del context historicosocial (Cantó-Milà i Seebach, 2015). La crisi econòmica, que ha afectat tots els països europeus, s’ha descrit com un fet social de gran abast, de manera que pot tenir una repercussió important en la nostra manera d’imaginar el futur. Per a aquest estudi, s’han fet entrevistes biogràfiques a diferents persones a Alemanya i Espanya, dos països que han viscut la crisi de manera diferent. Les entrevistes s’han analitzat utilitzant un mètode inspirat en la teoria fonamentada, partint dels conceptes d’imatges del futur, figures i imaginaris de futur desenvolupats per Cantó-Milà i Seebach (2015). La crisi econòmica ha influït de manera diferent en els imaginaris de futur dels entrevistats espanyols i alemanys. Mentre que la perspectiva de futur dels entrevistats alemanys s’ha mantingut inalterada al llarg de la crisi, les respostes dels entrevistats espanyols indiquen tres canvis de mentalitat: el mercat de treball es considera menys estable que abans de la crisi; els joves han d’estar més preparats, és a dir, necessiten un nivell superior de formació; els joves espanyols volen viure i treballar a l’estranger. S’analitzen les raons i la dinàmica d’aquest canvi de mentalitat.This study looks at how people construct future imaginaries and how this has been influenced by the economic crisis of 2008/2009. Future imaginaries are conceived as a realm of plans and wishes for the future, which depend not only on an individual’s personal life history, but also on the given social/historical context (Cantó-Milà and Seebach, 2015). The economic crisis, which affected all European countries, has been portrayed as a far-reaching societal event; therefore, it may have an impact on people’s future imaginaries. For this study, life story interviews were conducted in Germany and Spain, two countries with different experiences of the economic crisis. The interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory-inspired approach guided by the concepts of images of the future, figures, and imaginaries of the future developed by Cantó-Milà and Seebach (2015). The economic crisis affected participants’ future imagination in Spain and Germany in different ways. While German participants’ outlook on the future remained unchanged by the crisis, Spanish interviewees’ accounts indicated three changes in mentality: the labor market is now perceived as less stable than before; young people have to be more prepared – meaning they need higher-level qualifications; younger Spaniards aim to live and work in foreign countries. The reasons and dynamics behind this mentality change are discussed.Este estudio examina cómo construimos nuestros imaginarios de futuro y qué influencia ha tenido la crisis económica de 2008-2009 en este sentido. Los imaginarios de futuro se conciben como un espacio de planes y deseos para el futuro, que no dependen solamente de la historia de vida de una persona, sino también del contexto historicosocial (Cantó-Milà y Seebach, 2015). La crisis económica, que ha afectado a todos los países europeos, se ha descrito como un hecho social de gran alcance, por lo que puede tener una repercusión importante en nuestra manera de imaginar el futuro. Para este estudio, se han realizado entrevistas biográficas a distintas personas en Alemania y España, dos países que han vivido la crisis de forma diferente. Las entrevistas se han analizado utilizando un método inspirado en la teoría fundamentada, partiendo de los conceptos de imágenes del futuro, figuras e imaginarios de futuro desarrollados por Cantó-Milà y Seebach (2015). La crisis económica ha influido de forma distinta en los imaginarios de futuro de los entrevistados españoles y alemanes. Mientras que la perspectiva de futuro de los entrevistados alemanes se ha mantenido inalterada a lo largo de la crisis, las respuestas de los entrevistados españoles indican tres cambios de mentalidad: el mercado de trabajo se considera menos estable que antes de la crisis; los jóvenes tienen que estar más preparados, es decir, necesitan un mayor nivel de formación; los jóvenes españoles quieren vivir y trabajar en el extranjero. Se analizan las razones y la dinámica de este cambio de mentalidad

Identity, Significance, Sensation or Justice? Different Motives which Attract to Radical Ideas

People can be attracted to radical ideas for different reasons. In the present study, we propose four types of people attracted to such ideas due to different motives: the identity seeker, the significance seeker, the sensation seeker, and the justice seeker. To investigate this model, we conducted five narrative interviews with individuals who had disengaged during the early stages of radicalization (Study 1) and seven semi-structured expert interviews with staff of German deradicalization programmes (Study 2). Data were analyzed using a coding reliability approach to thematic analyses. The proposed typology was not supported in full, but the individual motivations making up the types were all reflected in the data, the most important being the need to belong, personal uncertainty, and need for status. This study’s key finding is that rather than generalizing types of radicalization or types of ideology, it is productive to analyze individuals on the basis of their personal combination of psychological needs and the saliency thereof. We relate this to past research and discuss practical implications

Prejudice in the pub: How alcohol and ideology loosen the tongue.

This study (N = 124) tested the main and interactive effects of alcohol consumption, egalitarianism, and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) in relation to prejudice suppression in the natural environment of a British Public House (pub). Employing a quasi-experimental between-subjects design, participants who had consumed alcohol were worse at suppressing their prejudice than participants with no alcohol consumption. Further, the more participants endorsed egalitarian values, the more they were able to suppress their prejudice. This tendency was resistant to the effects of alcohol. By contrast, the stronger participants held RWA beliefs, the less they were able to suppress their prejudice. In addition, this tendency was accentuated by alcohol consumption. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications