Teaching Spoken English at Junior High School: A Comparison of TPR and PPP

This article reports on an experimental methods-comparison study, which was undertaken with beginner level junior high school students (aged 12 and 13) in Japan. The study aimed to investigate which type of teaching, Total Physical Response (TPR) or Present Practice Produce (PPP), was more effective in developing productive and receptive knowledge of a set of collocations. Results showed that both types of teaching had a significant impact upon the development of understanding and using the target language. However, there were no significant differences between the effectiveness of TPR and PPP, apart from a short-term benefit for PPP in terms of receptive knowledge. This shows that both types of teaching can have a positive impact upon learners of this age and level and that there is a need for further research to investigate the effectiveness of these communicative methodologies in this context

The crystal structure of hydrazinium dichloride, N2H6Cl2

Accurate values of the two parameters in the structure of crystalline hydrazinium dichloride have been determined by the x-ray diffraction method, with the use of one and two dimensional Fourier syntheses. The NN separation in this crystal is 1.42A, and is equal to that in hydrazinium difluoride. This NN distance is 0.05A shorter than in gaseous hydrazine. Each chloride ion forms hydrogen bonds with three nitrogen atoms, the structure consisting of a three dimensional network of NH···Cl bonds. The angle NNH···Cl is 100°. The configuration of the N2H ions is trans. The differences between this structure and that of hydrazinium difluoride probably arise from the greater coordinating ability of the chloride ion as compared with that of the fluoride ion. The shortening of the NN distance may be caused in part by the formal charges on the nitrogen atoms, although it seems certain that this formal charge effect is not of general validity

Interannual variations in upper-ocean transport by the Gulf Stream and adjacent waters between New Jersey and Bermuda

Since the fall of 1992, an acoustic Doppler current profiler mounted on a freighter, the CMV Oleander, has been measuring upper-ocean currents between New Jersey and Bermuda on a weekly basis. The extensive database that results from the frequent, systematic, and sustained sampling enables the exploration of a number of questions regarding currents in the northwest Atlantic. This paper reports on interannual variations in transport in the Gulf Stream and adjacent waters. The repeat sampling greatly increases the ability to discern even rather subtle variations in near-surface transport and explore their possible causes. The transect is divided into three subregions: the Gulf Stream is defined by a high velocity core with an instantaneous width set by where the downstream component of velocity changes sign; the Slope Sea exists between the Gulf Stream and the continental shelfbreak; the Sargasso Sea lies between the Gulf Stream and Bermuda. These three regions exhibit quite different signatures of variability. Over the eleven years of operation to date annual averages of Gulf Stream transport have a standard deviation of 6% but a 23% peak-to-peak range. No discernable trend in transport is evident in the eleven-year record. The westward transport in the Slope and Sargasso seas can both vary by a factor two in magnitude but they have quite different temporal characteristics: the Slope Sea transport changes take place gradually whereas the Sargasso Sea exhibits much larger variations on shorter time scales. It is conjectured that the Slope Sea time scales are set by high-latitude buoyancy-related forcing, whereas the Sargasso Sea and Gulf Stream variability reflects tropical and subtropical mechanical forcing. The lateral position of the Gulf Stream exhibits a correlated behavior with westward transport in the Slope Sea. When Slope Sea transport increases, the Gulf Stream shifts to the south with a concomitant hint of increased Gulf Stream transport. The southward shift of the Gulf Stream may be part of a dynamical response to this increased circulation in the Slope Sea since the Slope Sea flow is blocked in the west by the Gulf Stream at Cape Hatteras suggesting that the path of the Gulf Stream is governed more by thermohaline- than wind-driven forcing. The fast time scales of transport in the stream, on the other hand, point to wind-driven forcing from the tropics and subtropics. Thus Gulf Stream position and transport would appear to be driven by quite different physical processes

Wavenumber Spectrum in the Gulf Stream from Shipboard ADCP Observations and Comparison with Altimetry Measurements

The wavenumber spectra for velocity and temperature in the Gulf Stream region are calculated from a decade (1994–2004) of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements taken as part of the Oleander Project. The velocity and temperature spectra have comparable magnitude, in terms of the kinetic and potential energy, and both indicate a k−3 slope in the mesoscales. In contrast, the corresponding velocity spectrum determined from satellite altimetry sea surface heights yields a significantly higher energy level and a k−2 slope. The discrepancy between altimeter-derived and directly measured velocity spectra suggests that altimetric velocity probably is contaminated by noise in sea surface height measurement. Also, the k−3 slope, which appears to be in agreement with two-dimensional quasigeostrophic turbulence theory, does not support the contemporary surface quasigeostrophic theory. These results highlight large gaps in the current understanding of the nature of surface geostrophic turbulence

The crystal structure of hydroxy‐L‐proline. II. Determination and description of the structure

The determination of the crystal structure of hydroxy-L-proline, based on nearly complete data accessible with Cu Kα radiation, confirms the chemical assignment of the relative configurations about the two asymmetric carbon atoms, and leads to the following intramolecular bond distances: carboxyl group: C₁-O₁ = 1•25, C₁-O₂ = 1•27, Cr₁-C₂ = 1•52 Å; pyrrolidine ring: C₂-C₃ = 1•53, C₃-C₄ = 1•50, C₄-C₅ = 1•52, C₅-N = 1.48, N-C₂ = 1•50 Å; hydroxyl group : C₄-O₃ = 1•46 Å. The crystal is held together by a system of hydrogen bonds, with N...O₂ = 2•69, N...O'₂ = 3•17, O₃...O₁ = 2•80 Å. The molecule is in the Zwitterion form. These and various other structural features are discussed

The crystal structure of hydroxy‐L‐proline. II. Determination and description of the structure

The determination of the crystal structure of hydroxy-L-proline, based on nearly complete data accessible with Cu Kα radiation, confirms the chemical assignment of the relative configurations about the two asymmetric carbon atoms, and leads to the following intramolecular bond distances: carboxyl group: C₁-O₁ = 1•25, C₁-O₂ = 1•27, Cr₁-C₂ = 1•52 Å; pyrrolidine ring: C₂-C₃ = 1•53, C₃-C₄ = 1•50, C₄-C₅ = 1•52, C₅-N = 1.48, N-C₂ = 1•50 Å; hydroxyl group : C₄-O₃ = 1•46 Å. The crystal is held together by a system of hydrogen bonds, with N...O₂ = 2•69, N...O'₂ = 3•17, O₃...O₁ = 2•80 Å. The molecule is in the Zwitterion form. These and various other structural features are discussed

Mott-Superfluid transition in bosonic ladders

We show that in a commensurate bosonic ladder, a quantum phase transition occurs between a Mott insulator and a superfluid when interchain hopping increases. We analyse the properties of such a transition as well as the physical properties of the two phases. We discuss the physical consequences for experimental systems such as Josephson Junction arrays.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, revtex

Effect of pressure on the Raman modes of antimony

The effect of pressure on the zone-center optical phonon modes of antimony in the A7 structure has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The A_g and E_g frequencies exhibit a pronounced softening with increasing pressure, the effect being related to a gradual suppression of the Peierls-like distortion of the A7 phase relative to a cubic primitive lattice. Also, both Raman modes broaden significantly under pressure. Spectra taken at low temperature indicate that the broadening is at least partly caused by phonon-phonon interactions. We also report results of ab initio frozen-phonon calculations of the A_g and E_g mode frequencies. Presence of strong anharmonicity is clearly apparent in calculated total energy versus atom displacement relations. Pronounced nonlinearities in the force versus displacement relations are observed. Structural instabilities of the Sb-A7 phase are briefly addressed in the Appendix.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure

Differences in Ethnic and Sport Culture Salience Among College Students Participating in NCAA and Recreational Sports

This study aims to (1) examine differences between Ethnic Majority (European American) and Ethnic Minority (African American, Latina/o, Asian/Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Other) student athletes’ ratings of importance of their Ethnic Culture, (2) examine differences in the importance of Sport Culture among NCAA and Recreational (i.e., Club and Intramural) student athletes, and (3) determine if Ethnic Identification and Athlete Type interact to predict the importance of Ethnic Culture and Sport Culture. Student athletes were asked to fill out a demographic questionnaire, and then rate the importance of several cultural domains (i.e. Ethnic Culture and Sport Culture) using a novel measure, the Cultural Domain Menu (CDM). After a descriptive analysis was performed, Analysis of Variances (ANOVA) and several t-tests were conducted to test differences among Ethnic Majority and Ethnic Minority student athletes in the importance of their Ethnic and Sport Cultures. Findings demonstrated a significant difference between Ethnic Majority and Ethnic Minority student athletes’ ratings of the importance of their Ethnic Culture: Ethnic Majority ratings were found to be lower compared to Ethnic Minority student athletes. Results also showed a significant difference between NCAA and Recreational student athletes in their ratings of their Sport Culture: NCAA student athletes were found to rank their Sport Culture as more salient. Implications, limitations, and future directions for this study are discussed in regard to the results. These results serve as a great indicator of the mental health issues of importance when aiming to serve student athletes from different backgrounds