The factors influencing a contract payment structure in biotech licensing deals

Department of Management EngineeringThere are many studies which try to identify and verify theoretically and empirically many factors influencing technology market???s elements including rate of technology licensing, informational asymmetry, pricing of technology and so forth. In this study, based on conventional bargaining power???s approach and signaling theory???s perspective, I identified and verified empirically a couple of determinants influencing contract payment structure of licensing. Licensor???s size and licensee???s size has a positive impact on a share of fixed upfront payment in contract payment structure. Licensed technology???s development phase has a positive impact on a share of fixed upfront payment in contract payment structure and licensing region has a negative impact on a share of fixed upfront payment in contract payment structure. There is significant moderation of technology development phase on direct effect of licensor???s size and leverage on contact payment structure. Generally, in biotechnology industry, conventional bargaining power???s approach is dominant over signaling theory???s perspective. Total asset as a proxy for size is justified empirically compared to other size measures such as total revenue.ope

ENHANCING EXPRESSIVITY OF DOCUMENT-CENTERED COLLABORATION WITH MULTIMODAL ANNOTATIONS

As knowledge work moves online, digital documents have become a staple of human collaboration. To communicate beyond the constraints of time and space, remote and asynchronous collaborators create digital annotations over documents, substituting face-to-face meetings with online conversations. However, existing document annotation interfaces depend primarily on text commenting, which is not as expressive or nuanced as in-person communication where interlocutors can speak and gesture over physical documents. To expand the communicative capacity of digital documents, we need to enrich annotation interfaces with face-to-face-like multimodal expressions (e.g., talking and pointing over texts). This thesis makes three major contributions toward multimodal annotation interfaces for enriching collaboration around digital documents. The first contribution is a set of design requirements for multimodal annotations drawn from our user studies and explorative literature surveys. We found that the major challenges were to support lightweight access to recorded voice, to control visual occlusions of graphically rich audio interfaces, and to reduce speech anxiety in voice comment production. Second, to address these challenges, we present RichReview, a novel multimodal annotation system. RichReview is designed to capture natural communicative expressions in face-to-face document descriptions as the combination of multimodal user inputs (e.g., speech, pen-writing, and deictic pen-hovering). To balance the consumption and production of speech comments, the system employs (1) cross-modal indexing interfaces for faster audio navigation, (2) fluid document-annotation layout for reduced visual clutter, and (3) voice synthesis-based speech editing for reduced speech anxiety. The third contribution is a series of evaluations that examines the effectiveness of our design solutions. Results of our lab studies show that RichReview can successfully address the above mentioned interface problems of multimodal annotations. A subsequent series of field deployment studies test the real-world efficacy of RichReview by deploying the system for document-centered conversation activities in classrooms, such as instructor feedback for student assignments and peer discussions about course material. The results suggest that using rich annotation helps students better understand the instructor’s comments, and makes them feel more valued as a person. From the results of the peer-discussion study, we learned that retaining the richness of original speech is the key to the success of speech commenting. What follows is the discussion on the benefits, challenges, and future of multimodal annotation interfaces, and technical innovations required to realize the vision

6MapNet: Representing soccer players from tracking data by a triplet network

Although the values of individual soccer players have become astronomical, subjective judgments still play a big part in the player analysis. Recently, there have been new attempts to quantitatively grasp players' styles using video-based event stream data. However, they have some limitations in scalability due to high annotation costs and sparsity of event stream data. In this paper, we build a triplet network named 6MapNet that can effectively capture the movement styles of players using in-game GPS data. Without any annotation of soccer-specific actions, we use players' locations and velocities to generate two types of heatmaps. Our subnetworks then map these heatmap pairs into feature vectors whose similarity corresponds to the actual similarity of playing styles. The experimental results show that players can be accurately identified with only a small number of matches by our method.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures, In 8th Workshop on Machine Learning and Data Mining for Sports Analytics (MLSA21

Lithium Ion Storage Characteristics of Mechanically Fractured Titanate Nanotubes

The effect of mechanical milling on the formation of short titanate nanotube and structural change induced is investigated. Mechanical milling produces the short nanotubes with the length of 30–160 nm. The lithium ion intercalation characteristics of the obtained short titanate nanotube were studied to verify the effect of the newly formed cross-sections of nanotubes. It was found that the protonated titanate nanotubes maintained long shapes until 30 min of mechanical milling and were transformed into agglomerated nanosheets and finally anatase granules depending on the treatment duration. Through galvanostatic investigation, the nanotubes with milling of 15 min exhibited the highest discharge capacity of 336 mAh·g−1 in first cycle, 12.4% larger than pristine

Two distinct red giant branch populations in the globular cluster NGC 2419 as tracers of a merger event in the Milky Way

Recent spectroscopic observations of the outer halo globular cluster (GC) NGC 2419 show that it is unique among GCs, in terms of chemical abundance patterns, and some suggest that it was originated in the nucleus of a dwarf galaxy. Here we show, from the Subaru narrow-band photometry employing a calcium filter, that the red giant-branch (RGB) of this GC is split into two distinct subpopulations. Comparison with spectroscopy has confirmed that the redder RGB stars in the $hk$[=(Ca$-b)-(b-y)$] index are enhanced in [Ca/H] by $\sim$0.2 dex compared to the bluer RGB stars. Our population model further indicates that the calcium-rich second generation stars are also enhanced in helium abundance by a large amount ($\Delta$Y = 0.19). Our photometry, together with the results for other massive GCs (e.g., $\omega$ Cen, M22, and NGC 1851), suggests that the discrete distribution of RGB stars in the $hk$ index might be a universal characteristic of this growing group of peculiar GCs. The planned narrow-band calcium photometry for the Local Group dwarf galaxies would help to establish an empirical connection between these GCs and the primordial building blocks in the hierarchical merging paradigm of galaxy formation.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, accepted for the publication in ApJ

Titanium dioxide induces apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species-mediated Fas upregulation and Bax activation

Background: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely used in many areas, including biomedicine, cosmetics, and environmental engineering. Recently, it has become evident that some TiO2 particles have a considerable cytotoxic effect in normal human cells. However, the molecular basis for the cytotoxicity of TiO2 has yet to be defined.Methods and results: In this study, we demonstrated that combined treatment with TiO2 nanoparticles sized less than 100 nm and ultraviolet A irradiation induces apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species-dependent upregulation of Fas and conformational activation of Bax in normal human cells. Treatment with P25 TiO2 nanoparticles with a hydrodynamic size distribution centered around 70 nm (TiO2P25-70) together with ultraviolet A irradiation-induced caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of the death receptor, Fas, and conformational activation of Bax. In line with these results, knockdown of either Fas or Bax with specific siRNA significantly inhibited TiO2-induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, inhibition of reactive oxygen species with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, clearly suppressed upregulation of Fas, conformational activation of Bax, and subsequent apoptotic cell death in response to combination treatment using TiO2P25-70 and ultraviolet A irradiation.Conclusion: These results indicate that sub-100 nm sized TiO2 treatment under ultraviolet A irradiation induces apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of the death receptor, Fas, and activation of the preapoptotic protein, Bax. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which nanosized particles induce activation of cell death signaling pathways would be critical for the development of prevention strategies to minimize the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.This work was supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment and The Eco-Technopia 21 Project (091-091-081)

Phonon-suppressing intermolecular adhesives : catechol-based broadband organic THz generators

Solid-state molecular phonons play a crucial role in the performance of diverse photonic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, new organic terahertz (THz) generators based on a catechol group that acts as a phonon suppressing intermolecular adhesive are developed. The catechol group is widely used in mussel-inspired mechanical adhesive chemistry. Newly designed organic electro-optic crystals consist of catechol-based nonlinear optical 4-(3,4-dihydroxystyryl)-1-methylpyridinium (DHP) cations and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonate anions (TFS), which both have multiple interionic interaction capability. Interestingly, compared to benchmark organic crystals for THz generators, DHP-TFS crystals concomitantly achieve top level values of the lowest void volume and the highest crystal density, resulting in an exceptionally small amplitude of solid-state molecular phonons. Simultaneously achieving small molecular phonon amplitude, large optical nonlinearity and good phase matching at infrared optical pump wavelengths, DHP-TFS crystals are capable of generating broadband THz waves of up to 16 THz with high optical-to-THz conversion efficiency; one order of magnitude higher than commercial inorganic THz generators

Design strategy of highly efficient nonlinear optical orange‐colored crystals with two electron‐withdrawing groups

A new class of highly efficient nonlinear optical organic salt crystals is reported. In nonlinear optics based on organic materials, it is well known that using two electron-withdrawing groups (EWGs) onto cationic electron acceptors instead of conventional one EWG remarkably enhances microscopic optical nonlinearity for chromophores. However, the corresponding organic crystals possessing enhanced large macroscopic optical nonlinearity have not been reported yet. Herein, a design strategy is proposed for obtaining highly efficient nonlinear optical crystals based on two EWGs in cationic electron acceptors. Introducing a phenolic electron donor, promoting a head-to-tail interionic assembly, along with a two-EWG N-pyrimidinyl pyridinium electron acceptor in cationic chromophores results in a preferred non-centrosymmetric, perfectly parallel alignment of chromophores in crystal. Newly designed OPR (4-(4-hydroxystyryl)-1-(pyrimidin-2-yl)pyridinium) crystals exhibit approximately two times larger effective first hyperpolarizability than that of analogous N-alkyl OHP (4-(4-hydroxystyryl)-1-methylpyridinium) crystals based on only one EWG. OPR crystals exhibit comparable second-order optical nonlinearity to benchmark red-colored DAST (4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-1-methylpyridinium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate) crystals, but a significant blue-shifted absorption resulting in orange-color crystals. Therefore, phenolic organic salt crystals using two EWGs are highly promising materials for various nonlinear optical applications

High‐density organic electro‐optic crystals for ultra‐broadband THz spectroscopy

Ultra-broadband THz photonics covering the 0.3–20 THz range provides a very attractive foundation for a wide range of basic research and industrial applications. However, the lack of ultra-broadband THz devices has yet to be overcome. In this work, high-density organic electro-optic crystals are newly developed for efficient THz wave generation in a very broad THz spectral range and are successfully used for a broadband THz time-domain spectroscopy. The new organic THz generator crystals, namely the OHP-TFS crystals, have very low void volume, high density, and are shown to cover the ultra-broadband THz spectrum up to about 15 THz, which cannot be easily accessed with the more widely used inorganic-based THz generators. In addition to the very favorable broadband properties, the generated THz electric-field amplitude at the pump wavelength of 1560 nm is about 40 times higher than that generated by a commercial inorganic THz generator (ZnTe crystal). By using the newly developed OHP-TFS as generation crystal in a compact table-top all-organic THz time-domain spectrometer based on a low-cost telecom fiber laser, the optical characteristics of a model material are successfully determined in the broad 1.5–12.5 THz range with high accuracy