Adults\u27 perceived prevalence of enteric fever predicts laboratory-validated incidence of typhoid fever in children

This study was undertaken to develop a model to predict the incidence of typhoid in children based on adults’ perception of prevalence of enteric fever in the wider community. Typhoid cases among children, aged 5-15 years, from epidemic regions in five Asian countries were confirmed with a positive Salmonella Typhi culture of the blood sample. Estimates of the prevalence of enteric fever were obtained from random samples of adults in the same study sites. Regression models were used for establishing the prediction equation. The percentages of enteric fever reported by adults and cases of typhoid incidence per 100,000, detected through blood culture were 4.7 and 24.18 for Viet Nam, 3.8 and 29.20 for China, 26.3 and 180.33 for Indonesia, 66.0 and 454.15 for India, and 52.7 and 407.18 for Pakistan respectively. An established prediction equation was: incidence of typhoid (1/100,000= −2.6946 + 7.2296 × reported prevalence of enteric fever (%) (F=31.7, p2=0.992). Using adults’ perception of prevalence of disease as the basis for estimating its incidence in children provides a cost-effective behavioural epidemiologic method to facilitate prevention and control of the disease

Serologic Survey of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Guangxi Province, China

published_or_final_versio

Adults' Perceived Prevalence of Enteric Fever Predicts Laboratory-validated Incidence of Typhoid Fever in Children

This study was undertaken to develop a model to predict the incidence of typhoid in children based on adults' perception of prevalence of enteric fever in the wider community. Typhoid cases among children, aged 5-15 years, from epidemic regions in five Asian countries were confirmed with a positive Salmonella Typhi culture of the blood sample. Estimates of the prevalence of enteric fever were obtained from random samples of adults in the same study sites. Regression models were used for establishing the prediction equation. The percentages of enteric fever reported by adults and cases of typhoid incidence per 100,000, detected through blood culture were 4.7 and 24.18 for Viet Nam, 3.8 and 29.20 for China, 26.3 and 180.33 for Indonesia, 66.0 and 454.15 for India, and 52.7 and 407.18 for Pakistan respectively. An established prediction equation was: incidence of typhoid (1/100,000= -2.6946 + 7.2296 7 reported prevalence of enteric fever (%) (F=31.7, p<0.01; R2=0.992). Using adults' perception of prevalence of disease as the basis for estimating its incidence in children provides a cost-effective behavioural epidemiologic method to facilitate prevention and control of the disease

Editorial for Special Issue: “Preparation of Nanomaterial Modified Electrode and Its Sensing Application”

Electrochemical sensors have attracted enormous attention for their precision, high sensitivity, rapid response, and ease-of-use for analysis [...

Effects of GA3 and 6-BA Combination Treatment on Germination and Seedling Raising of Sweet Potato

【Objective】In order to effectively alleviate the problem of sweet potato thin and weak seedlings caused by GA3 soaking and germination in production, the feasibility of GA3 and 6-BA combination soaking treatments to improve the quality of sweet potato seedlings was studied.【Method】The seeds were soaked with 1, 5 and 10 mg/L GA3 alone and mixed with 5 mg/L 6-BA respectively, which were named as group G and group GB. In addition, there are two treatments of water immersion (G0, CK1) and 5 mg/L 6-BA separate immersion (G0B, CK2), a total of 8 treatments were conducted to study its effects on the germination of sweet potato tubers, the growth morphology of sweet potato seedlings, weight of the single seedling, dry matter percentage and the number of harvested seedlings in 'Xinxiang'.【Result】The results showed that 1 mg/L GA3 soaking treatment had the best effect on regulating the germination of sweet potato and the growth morphology of sweet potato seedlings. The average number of root eye germination of sweet potato was 11, the total number of buds was 16.33, the average seedling height was 8.80 cm, and the diameter of the seedling base was 3.01 mm. However, with the increase of GA3 concentration, the diameter of the seedling base, the weight of the single seedling and the dry matter percentage became smaller, and the quality of the sweet potato seedlings became worse. After GA3 and 6-BA compound treatment, the quality of potato seedlings was effectively improved. The higher the concentration of GA3, the more significant the effect was. Among them, 10 mg/L GA3 and 5 mg/L 6-BA compound soaking treatment had the best effect on improving the quality of potato seedlings. The diameter of the seedling base was 3.40 cm, the dry matter percentage was the highest, and the weight of the single seedling was higher than that of GA3 soaking treatment alone. The two treatment groups can effectively improve the number of harvested potato seedlings, and the difference is very small. Among them, the total number of seedlings harvested in the GA3 treatment group(G1+G5+G10) was 282, but the quality of potato seedlings was poor. The total number of seedlings harvested in the combined treatment group of GA3 and 6-BA(G1B+G5B+G10) was 281, and the quality of potato seedlings was significantly improved.【Conclusion】In conclusion, 6-BA can alleviate the disadvantages caused by high concentration GA3 soaking seed, make the stems of sweet potato seedlings thick, the dry matter percentage increases, and the quality of the seedlings improves. Furthermore, the combination of 10 mg/L GA3 and 5 mg/L 6-BA could effectively alleviate the seedling weakness caused by high concentration of GA3 on sweet potato variety 'Xinxiang'

Research Progress on Stress–Fracture–Seepage Characteristics for Hazard Prevention in Mine Goafs: A Review

Large-scale coal mining has created many goaf areas, which have become one of the most frequent sources of mine hazards. Investigations on the stress–fracture–seepage characteristics around goafs could help with identifying and controlling goaf-area hazards. Scholars have conducted theoretical analyses, similar simulation experiments, numerical simulations, and field measurements to analyze the multifield coupling development of mining stopes, including the stress variations, fracture advancement, and permeability-change characteristics. In the longwall-mining process, a stress-relief zone is formed above the goaf area, while a stress-concentration zone is formed in the adjacent coal seams. Mining-stope fracture goes through a process of stress-relief expansion, stress-recovery closure, and end-fracture expansion. The permeability of coal rock in mining stopes rises in all directions with the increase in the fracturing ratio. Further studies could concentrate on the distribution characteristics of the abutment pressure around the goaf area. A permeability model based on the coupling of the coal stress, damage, gas adsorption, and desorption is expected to be established to improve the accuracy of the permeability prediction and seepage analysis at the boundary of the goaf area. Relevant studies could provide better theoretical guidance for preventing hazards, such as gas-related incidents and coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf, as well as for the stability control of the goaf boundary

Research Progress on Stress–Fracture–Seepage Characteristics for Hazard Prevention in Mine Goafs: A Review

Large-scale coal mining has created many goaf areas, which have become one of the most frequent sources of mine hazards. Investigations on the stress–fracture–seepage characteristics around goafs could help with identifying and controlling goaf-area hazards. Scholars have conducted theoretical analyses, similar simulation experiments, numerical simulations, and field measurements to analyze the multifield coupling development of mining stopes, including the stress variations, fracture advancement, and permeability-change characteristics. In the longwall-mining process, a stress-relief zone is formed above the goaf area, while a stress-concentration zone is formed in the adjacent coal seams. Mining-stope fracture goes through a process of stress-relief expansion, stress-recovery closure, and end-fracture expansion. The permeability of coal rock in mining stopes rises in all directions with the increase in the fracturing ratio. Further studies could concentrate on the distribution characteristics of the abutment pressure around the goaf area. A permeability model based on the coupling of the coal stress, damage, gas adsorption, and desorption is expected to be established to improve the accuracy of the permeability prediction and seepage analysis at the boundary of the goaf area. Relevant studies could provide better theoretical guidance for preventing hazards, such as gas-related incidents and coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf, as well as for the stability control of the goaf boundary

Glacial events during the last glacial termination in the Pagele valley, Qiongmu Gangri peak, southern Tibetan Plateau, and their links to oceanic and atmospheric circulation

During the last glacial termination, a warming trend was generally interrupted by rapid millennium-scale cold reversals, such as the Greenland (Isotope) Stadial 1 (GS-1) and GS-2a events. To understand how glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) responded to these rapid climate events, this study constrained the timing and extent of three glacial events during the late-glacial period. Specifically, using a cosmogenic Be-10 exposure dating method, we dated three prominent glacial moraines (PM1, PM2, PM3) back to 15,850 +/- 980, 14,140 +/- 880, and 12,430 +/- 790 yr in the Pagele valley, southern TP, corresponding to GS-2a, Greenland Interstadial 1 (GI-1), and GS-1, respectively. By simulating glacial extents forced by different climate scenarios, the study constrained the temperature decreases relative to present to be 2.6 degrees C-2.9 degrees C, similar to 1.6 degrees C, and 1.4 degrees C-1.5 degrees C during the GS-2a, GI-1, and GS-1 periods in the region, with precipitation values of 60%-80%, similar to 100%, and 80%-90% of present value, respectively. Considering information from oceanic and atmospheric circulation, the study suggested that on the TP, the glacial events during the last glacial termination were well connected with the millennium-scale climate events in the North Atlantic region through the westerlies, while the Indian summer monsoon played a positive role in sustaining the glaciers under the warming climate trend

Spatial risk for gender-specific adult mortality in an area of southern China

Abstract Background Although economic reforms have brought significant benefits, including improved health care to many Chinese people, accessibility to improved care has not been distributed evenly throughout Chinese society. Also, the effects of the uneven distribution of improved healthcare are not clearly understood. Evidence suggests that mortality is an indicator for evaluating accessibility to improved health care services. We constructed spatially smoothed risk maps for gender-specific adult mortality in an area of southern China comprising both urban and rural areas and identified ecological factors of gender-specific mortality across societies. Results The study analyzed the data of the Hechi Prefecture in southern in China. An average of 124,204 people lived in the area during the study period (2002–2004). Individual level data for 2002–2004 were grouped using identical rectangular cells (regular lattice) of 0.25 km2. Poisson regression was fitted to the group level data to identify gender-specific ecological factors of adult (ages 15– Conclusion We found a disparity in mortality rates between rural and urban areas in the study area in southern China, especially for adult men. There were also differences in mortality rates between poorer and wealthy populations in both rural and urban areas, which may in part reflect differences in health care quality. Spatial influences upon adult male versus adult female mortality difference underscore the need for more research on gender-related influences on adult mortality in China.</p