Systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in children < 2 years with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era.

IntroductionThe advent of genome amplification assays has allowed description of new respiratory viruses and to reconsider the role played by certain respiratory viruses in bronchiolitis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was initiated to clarify the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era.MethodsWe performed an electronic search through Pubmed and Global Index Medicus databases. We included observational studies reporting the detection rate of common respiratory viruses in children with bronchiolitis using molecular assays. Data was extracted and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We conducted sensitivity, subgroups, publication bias, and heterogeneity analyses using a random effect model.ResultsThe final meta-analysis included 51 studies. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was largely the most commonly detected virus 59.2%; 95% CI [54.7; 63.6]). The second predominant virus was Rhinovirus (RV) 19.3%; 95% CI [16.7; 22.0]) followed by Human bocavirus (HBoV) 8.2%; 95% CI [5.7; 11.2]). Other reported viruses included Human Adenovirus (HAdV) 6.1%; 95% CI [4.4; 8.0]), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) 5.4%; 95% CI [4.4; 6.4]), Human Parainfluenzavirus (HPIV) 5.4%; 95% CI [3.8; 7.3]), Influenza 3.2%; 95% CI [2.2; 4.3], Human Coronavirus (HCoV) 2.9%; 95% CI [2.0; 4.0]), and Enterovirus (EV) 2.9%; 95% CI [1.6; 4.5]). HRSV was the predominant virus involved in multiple detection and most codetections were HRSV + RV 7.1%, 95% CI [4.6; 9.9]) and HRSV + HBoV 4.5%, 95% CI [2.4; 7.3]).ConclusionsThe present study has shown that HRSV is the main cause of bronchiolitis in children, we also have Rhinovirus, and Bocavirus which also play a significant role. Data on the role played by SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis is needed.Review registrationPROSPERO, CRD42018116067

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILE OF ISOLATED BACTERIA AT THE SANGMELIMA REFERENCE HOSPITAL, SOUTH CAMEROON REGION: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Background and objective: Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is now one of the most serious threats to global health. Knowledge of the main bacterial species responsible for bacteremia and their antibiotic resistance profile makes possible to provide an objective basis for effective antibiotic therapy. However, in the South Cameroon region, microbiological documentation is not always available. The objective of our study was to determine the resistance profile of bacteria isolated at the Sangmélima Reference Hospital. Methods: It was a retroprospective study on biological samples collected from interned and ambulatory patients seen at the Sangmélima Reference Hospital during the period from January 2021 to October 2021.The samples were cultured on specific media and the susceptibility was carried out on agar media using Kirby-Bauertechnique and interpretation according to the 2020 CASFM Guidelines. Results: For the retrospective part, GNB were most represented (15/26; 57.7%,) with the E. coli (n=12/15) and only Staphylococcus spp for GPB (n=11/26). Staphylococcus resistance was particularly relevant with 81.81% to erythromycin, 63.63% to cefoxitin and 72.72% to Cotrimoxazole. E. coli showed a resistance of 66.66% for augmentin and 83.33% for cefuroxime. In the prospective part, GPB were only represented by Staphylococcus epidermidis (7/7 ; 50%), and GNB included E. coli (3/7 ; 21.42%), K. pneumoniae (2/7; 14.29%) and A baumannii (2/7; 14.29%). For all isolated bacteria strains, a high resistance to the majority of betalactams and penicillin was observed. However, bacteria with greater antibiotic resistance were Staphylococcus strains, highly resistant to beta-lactams, while A. baumannii strains showed higher resistance, and E. coli especially to penicillins and fluoroquinolones. Conclusion: E. coli and Staphylococcus spp were predominant isolated bacteria with high rate of resistance to antibiotics frequently used in hospital. Strict adherence to infection prevention practices and judicious use of antibiotics are recommended to slow te spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR).                   Peer Review History: Received: 10 May 2022; Revised: 12 June; Accepted: 30 June, Available online: 15 July 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics &amp; Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected] Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected] Dr. Wadhah Hassan Ali Edrees, Hajja University, Yemen, [email protected] Similar Articles:   THE PRACTICE AND PERCEPTION OF HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS TOWARDS ERRORS IN DISPENSING MEDICINES AND THEIR POSSIBLE CAUSES IN OMDURMAN MILITARY HOSPITAL, SUDAN PATTERN OF ANTIMICROBIAL PRESCRIBING AMONG IN-PATIENTS OF A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN YEMEN: A PROSPECTIVE STUD

BACTERIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIABETIC FOOT INFECTION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MULTIRESISTANT ISOLATES TO HYDRAULIC EXTRACTS FROM ALLIUM SATIVA, ALLIUM CEPA AND CANNABIS SATIVA

Background and objective : Diabetic foot infection is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and its persistence is the result of the ineffectiveness of antibiotic therapy due to the exponentially increasing of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effect of the aqueous extract of some plants on the antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from diabetic foot wound infections. Methods&nbsp;: A 6-months cross-sectional study from July 2021 to January 2022 at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, was undertaken with diabetic foot wound patients. All samples were appraised to determine presence of infectious agents using standard methods for isolation and identification of bacteria. Subsequently, Antibiotic resistance was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. Finally, extracts of Cannabis sativa leaves, Allium cepa and Allium sativum bulbs were obtained with water and their antibacterial activities were evaluated by the microdillution method on liquid medium. Results&nbsp;: 20 patients whom 14 men were included, with a sex ratio of 2.33, and their mean age was 52.5±9.6 years. 60% of these patients presented wounds in grade III and were of several types&nbsp;: purulent (48.57%), moist (31.43%) and dry (20%).&nbsp; 35 strains were isolated. The predominant GPB were S. aureus (34.29%) followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (14.29%), and Bacillus Spp (2.86%). Among the GNB, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.46%), Serratia Spp. (8.56%), Escherichia coli (8.56%), Enterobacter Spp. (5.71%), Proteus Spp. (5.71%), Klebsiella Spp., Yersinia Spp. and Salmonella Spp. in proportions of 2.86% each. A high rate of antibiotic resistance was recorded for Oxacillin (100%), Vancomycin (83.34%) and Augmentin (55.56%). Sensitivity tests on liquid medium showed that MIC ranged between 3.12-25.00 mg/mL, 6.25-25.00 mg/mL and 1.86-25.00 mg/mL respectivelly for A. sativa, A. cepa and C. sativa. Alliums were much more active on GNB. Although these results are low, they could be an alternative for the diabetic foot infection treatment. Conclusion&nbsp;: Alliums were much more active on GNB Although these results are low, they could be an alternative for the diabetic foot infection treatment. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Peer Review History: Received: 28 February 2022; Revised: 15 April; Accepted: 24 April, Available online: 15 May 2022 Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected] UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency.&nbsp; Received file:&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected] Prof. Dr. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen,&nbsp;[email protected] Similar Articles:&nbsp; THE SCOPING REVIEW OF CHINESE AND WESTERN MEDICINE TREATMENT OF DIABETIC FOOT IN ASIA A SURVEY ABOUT THE CURRENT SCENARIO OF DIABETES IN CHATTOGRAM AREA BY DETERMINING PRACTICE OF THE SELF-CARE ACTIVITIES AMONGST PEOPLE WITH DIABETE

Contemporary epidemiological data of Rift Valley fever virus in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a severe zoonotic mosquito‐borne disease that represents an important threat to human and animal health, with major public health and socioeconomic impacts. This disease is endemic throughout many African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. This systematic review with meta‐analysis was conducted to determine the RVF prevalence in humans, mosquitoes and other animal species in Africa. The review also provides contemporary data on RVF case fatality rate (CFR) in humans. In this systematic review with meta‐analysis, a comprehensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Global Index Medicus databases from January 2000 to June 2022 to identify relevant studies. Pooled CFR and prevalence estimates were calculated using the random‐effects model. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed, and the I2‐statistic was used to investigate a potential source of heterogeneity. A total of 205 articles were included in the final analysis. The overall RVF CFR in humans was found to be 27.5% [95% CI = 8.0–52.5]. The overall pooled prevalence was 7.8% [95% CI = 6.2–9.6] in humans and 9.3% [95% CI = 8.1–10.6] in animals, respectively. The RVF prevalence in individual mosquitoes ranged from 0.0% to 25%. Subgroup analysis showed substantial heterogeneity with respect to geographical regions and human categories. The study shows that there is a correspondingly similar prevalence of RVF in human and animals; however, human CFR is much higher than the observed prevalence. The lack of a surveillance programme and the fact that this virus has subclinical circulation in animals and humans could explain these observations. The implementation of a One Health approach for RVF surveillance and control would be of great interest for human and animal health

Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Dialysis is a replacement therapy for patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Patients on dialysis are at high risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus (HCV), which has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. There is a wide range of prevalence of HCV in dialysis populations around the world. It is still unknown how prevalent HCV infection is among worldwide dialysis patients (including those undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis). A review was conducted to estimate the global epidemiology of hepatitis C in dialysis patients. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Global Index Medicus and Web of Science until October 2022. A manual search of references from relevant articles was also conducted. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the χ2 test on Cochrane's Q statistic, and the sources of heterogeneity were investigated using subgroup analysis. In order to assess publication bias, funnel plots and Egger tests were conducted, and pooled HCV prevalence estimates were generated using a DerSimonian and Laird meta-analysis model. The study is registered with PROSPERO under CRD42022237789. We included 634 papers involving 392160 participants. The overall HCV case fatality rate was 38.7% (95% CI = 28.9-49). The global prevalence of HCV infection in dialysis population group were 24.3% [95% CI = 22.6-25.9]. As indicated by UNSD region, country, dialysis type, and HCV diagnostic targeted; Eastern Europe had the highest prevalence of 48.6% [95% CI = 35.2-62], Indonesia had 63.6% [95% CI = 42.9-82], hemodialysis patients had 25.5% [95% CI = 23.8-27.3], and anti-HCV were detected in 24.5% [95% CI = 22.8-26.2]. Dialysis patients, particularly those on hemodialysis, have a high prevalence and case fatality rate of HCV infection. Hemodialysis units need to implement strict infection control measures

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of Lassa virus in humans, rodents and other mammals in sub-Saharan Africa.

Accurate data on the Lassa virus (LASV) human case fatality rate (CFR) and the prevalence of LASV in humans, rodents and other mammals are needed for better planning of actions that will ultimately reduce the burden of LASV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. In this systematic review with meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Africa Journal Online, and African Index Medicus from 1969 to 2020 to obtain studies that reported enough data to calculate LASV infection CFR or prevalence. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted independently. We extracted all measures of current, recent, and past infections with LASV. Prevalence and CFR estimates were pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis. Factors associated with CFR, prevalence, and sources of between-study heterogeneity were determined using subgroup and metaregression analyses. This review was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020166465. We initially identified 1,399 records and finally retained 109 reports that contributed to 291 prevalence records from 25 countries. The overall CFR was 29.7% (22.3-37.5) in humans. Pooled prevalence of LASV infection was 8.7% (95% confidence interval: 6.8-10.8) in humans, 3.2% (1.9-4.6) in rodents, and 0.7% (0.0-2.3) in other mammals. Subgroup and metaregression analyses revealed a substantial statistical heterogeneity explained by higher prevalence in tissue organs, in case-control, in hospital outbreak, and surveys, in retrospective studies, in urban and hospital setting, in hospitalized patients, and in West African countries. This study suggests that LASV infections is an important cause of death in humans and that LASV are common in humans, rodents and other mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. These estimates highlight disparities between sub-regions, and population risk profiles. Western Africa, and specific key populations were identified as having higher LASV CFR and prevalence, hence, deserving more attention for cost-effective preventive interventions

Assessing the Prevalence of Astroviruses in Water Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Astroviruses (AstVs) are a major cause of gastroenteritis, especially in children. They can be transmitted through various pathways, including environmental contamination via water matrices. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of AstV in different types of water, such as untreated and treated wastewater, surface water (e.g., rivers, lakes, and seawater), groundwater, drinking water, and other water matrices (e.g., irrigation water, gray water, reservoir water, floodwater, and pig slaughterhouse effluents). The meta-analysis included 80 articles, and the overall prevalence of AstV in water matrices was 36.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) of 29.6-44.0]. The highest prevalence was found in untreated wastewater at 56.8% (95% CI of 41.5-71.5), followed by treated wastewater at 48.5% (95% CI of 30.6-66.5), surface water at 28.6% (95% CI of 21.1-36.7), other matrices at 9.8% (95% CI of 0.7-25.3), drinking water at 3.3% (95% CI of 0.2-8.7), and groundwater at 0.5% (95% CI of 0.0-3.4). The most frequent AstVs detected in water environments were human AstVs, but canine and feline AstVs were also detected. Our findings highlight the importance of water as a potential route for AstV transmission, even in high-income countries. Effective water surveillance and treatment measures are necessary to minimize AstV environmental circulation and human infection through water

Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4–20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0–40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5–28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1–20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1–6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0–1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1–15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias (p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV

Items for risk of bias assessment.

Dialysis is a replacement therapy for patients with End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Patients on dialysis are at high risk of acquiring hepatitis C virus (HCV), which has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in this population. There is a wide range of prevalence of HCV in dialysis populations around the world. It is still unknown how prevalent HCV infection is among worldwide dialysis patients (including those undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis). A review was conducted to estimate the global epidemiology of hepatitis C in dialysis patients. We searched PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Global Index Medicus and Web of Science until October 2022. A manual search of references from relevant articles was also conducted. Heterogeneity was evaluated by the χ2 test on Cochrane’s Q statistic, and the sources of heterogeneity were investigated using subgroup analysis. In order to assess publication bias, funnel plots and Egger tests were conducted, and pooled HCV prevalence estimates were generated using a DerSimonian and Laird meta-analysis model. The study is registered with PROSPERO under CRD42022237789. We included 634 papers involving 392160 participants. The overall HCV case fatality rate was 38.7% (95% CI = 28.9–49). The global prevalence of HCV infection in dialysis population group were 24.3% [95% CI = 22.6–25.9]. As indicated by UNSD region, country, dialysis type, and HCV diagnostic targeted; Eastern Europe had the highest prevalence of 48.6% [95% CI = 35.2–62], Indonesia had 63.6% [95% CI = 42.9–82], hemodialysis patients had 25.5% [95% CI = 23.8–27.3], and anti-HCV were detected in 24.5% [95% CI = 22.8–26.2]. Dialysis patients, particularly those on hemodialysis, have a high prevalence and case fatality rate of HCV infection. Hemodialysis units need to implement strict infection control measures.</div