Studentization and the determination of p-values.

The original Studentization was the conversion of a sample mean departure into the familiar t-statistic, plus the derivation of the corresponding Student distribution function; the observed value of the distribution function is the observed p-value, as presented in an elemental form. We examine this process in a broadly general context: a null statistical model is available together with observed data; a statistic t(y) has been proposed as a plausible measure of the location of the data relative to what is expected under the null; a modified statistic, say ~t(y), is developed that is ancillary; the corresponding distribution function is determined, exactly or approximately; and the observed value of the distribution function is the p-value or percentage position of the data with respect to the model. Such p-values have had extensive coverage in the recent Bayesian literature, with many variations and some preference for two versions labelled pppost and pcpred. The bootstrap method also directly addresses this Studentization process. We use recent likelihood theory that gives a third order factorization of a regular statistical model into a marginal density for a full dimensional ancillary and a conditional density for the maximum likelihood variable. The full dimensional ancillary is shown to lead to an explicit determination of the Studentized version ~t(y) together with a highly accurate approximation to its distribution function; the observed value of the distribution function is the p-value and is available numerically by direct calculation or by Markov chain Monte Carlo or by other simulations. In this paper, for any given initial or trial test statistic proposed as a location indicator for a data point, we develop: an ancillary based p-value designated panc; a special version of the Bayesian pcpred; and a bootstrap based p-value designated pbs. We then show under moderate regularity that these are equivalent to the third order and have uniqueness as a determination of the statistical location of the data point, as of course derived from the initial location measure. We also show that these p-values have a uniform distribution to third order, as based on calculations in the moderate-deviations region. For implementation the Bayesian and likelihood procedures would perhaps require the same numerical computations, while the bootstrap would require a magnitude more in computation and would perhaps not be accessible. Examples are given to indicate the ease and exibility of the approachAncillary; Bayesian; Bootstrap; Conditioning; Departure measure; Likelihood; p-value; Studentization.;

Donald C. Fraser Papers, 1941-1945

An impressive collection of World War II letters from Fraser to his wife Irene in Fargo, dating from 1941 to 1945 while he was in training in Montana and California, and with the 188th Field Artillery in Europe

The Challenge Of Strategic Flexibility: A Case Study

Abstract Strategic Flexibility has been widely cited as a critical success factor and capability for navigating today’s complex and dynamic business landscape. Despite this recognition, there remain considerable challenges in the conceptual understanding and implementation of this strategic principle. Strategic flexibility has also been linked to strategic decision making as the extent to which new and alternative options in strategic decision making are generated and considered. This relationship plays a key role in effective firm response and when combined with a strategically designed leadership pipeline it can result in a valuable source of competitive advantage. Yet we know very little about the interplay between particular environments and the factors that influence executives’ strategic frames as little empirical research has been conducted in this area. Therefore, this study extends knowledge of these relationships by investigating the strategic frames of senior executives, the contexts and the factors that influence their capability for cognitive strategic flexibility. The study explores strategic thinking and decision-making at the individual and organizational levels. Thus, it falls under the Individual and Organizational Minds research stream with significant influence by the two cognitive branches of Information Processing Perspective and Ideological Perspectives. A qualitative and inductive case study method was employed with the use of the Kelley Repertory Grid Interview technique. Consistent with the interpretivist philosophy, this qualitative research focuses on the perceptions and experiences of the participants in the work context. The study revealed multiple factors inhibiting the cognitive strategic flexibility of the individual executives. It also develops new conceptual connections between the Strategic Flexibility and Ambidexterity research streams that show promise for enabling strategic thinking in practice. The inductive creation of the new iSCOPE Framework from this research provides a useful tool that integrates academic theories and facilitates the development of intervention solutions that are concrete, mutually reinforcing and systematic

English composition in the high school

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universityhttps://archive.org/details/englishcompositi00fra

Decay Of The Triplet State In A Porphyrin Quinone Molecule

Workers in this and many other labs have been studying photoinduced electron transfer seeking to understand the photochemical processes in photosynthesis. Closely related processes also constitute the basis of some photosensitive tissue diseases and of a wide variety of industrial applications. To study the photophysics unhindered by diffusion, a molecule composed of a freebase porphyrin covalently linked to a p-benzoquinone by an amide linkage was used.;A nanosecond laser flash photolysis apparatus permitted the observation of the porphyrin triplet state decay, with the quinone fully reduced or with it fully oxidized to allow enhanced quenching of the porphyrin triplet via electron transfer. A difference of rate constants in the two cases yielded the electron transfer rate constant which ranged from 1.0 {dollar}\times{dollar} 10{dollar}\sp4{dollar}s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} in acetonitrile to 2.8 {dollar}\times{dollar} 10{dollar}\sp5{dollar} s{dollar}\sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} in methylene chloride. It is shown that the available free energy and the electron transfer rate constants, determined in various solvents over a 40{dollar}\sp\circ{dollar}C temperature range, do not exhibit the relationship put forth by Marcus electron transfer theory.;An alternative hypothesis of a fast equilibrium being established between the triplet porphyrin and a triplet exciplex before the electron reaches a radical-ion-pair state is supported by the observation of negative activation energies in benzonitrile and methylene chloride.;Since neither the radical-ion-pair nor the exciplex were observed as intermediate products, it is not possible to identify conclusively the pathway of deexcitation of the porphyrin triplet state

The theological and doxological understanding of resurrection: an examination of its centrality within the 4th century Christian orthodox understanding of Easter with particular reference to the festal letters of St. Athanasius of Alexandria

The Festal Letters of Saint Athanasius were composed in response to a decision by the Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 325 AD. The Council of Bishops assembled primarily to confront the teachings of Arianism, which had questioned the Nature and Person of Jesus Christ. But another problem that the Council of Nicaea faced related to the celebration of Easter. For some time the Church had become divided about the proper observance not only of Easter itself, but also the Lenten Season and the post-Easter period leading to Pentecost. The Council deputed to the Bishopric of Alexandria the task of computing the correct dates for Easter to ensure unity of theological belief and doxological expression. While the practice of composing pastoral letters had already been established in Alexandria, Athanasius continued to notify the Church concerning Easter by sending Festal Letters throughout his entire period in office. In the first instance, we shall examine the historical background to these Pastoral Epistles. The theme of resurrection is then investigated in relation to three of Athanasius' main works - Contra Gentes, De Incarnatione and Contra Arianos (I - III). The third chapter particularises the concept of resurrection and the manner in which Athanasius perceives it within the Festal Letters themselves. This is complemented by an analysis of the doxological significance of resurrection within worship and especially Eucharistic practice. Chapter Five expresses the main theological realities that formed the foundation of Athanasius' soteriological beliefs. Central to these are the nature of the homoousion and the saving vicarious humanity of Jesus Christ. The sixth chapter concludes appropriately with a study of immortality in relation to body and soul

Effects of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement on the Eqity Value of U.S. and Canadian Banks

This Article explains the effects of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement on the wealth position of shareholders of major U.S. and Canadian banks. Following the argument that stock prices in an efficient market should capture the effects of changes in regulation (both domestic and international), one would expect the prices of Canadian banks to decrease as they face substantial new competition. Likewise, the stock prices of U.S. banks operating in Canada should either rise or remain unchanged as a result of the FTA. If the greater power associated with Canadian operations is expected to add to risk-adjusted profits, stock prices of these U.S. banks should increase. To the extent that these potential profits are expected to be competed away in the Canadian markets, or are seen to be of a relatively insignificant nature, the prices of U.S. banks will not change

Effects of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement on the Eqity Value of U.S. and Canadian Banks

This Article explains the effects of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement on the wealth position of shareholders of major U.S. and Canadian banks. Following the argument that stock prices in an efficient market should capture the effects of changes in regulation (both domestic and international), one would expect the prices of Canadian banks to decrease as they face substantial new competition. Likewise, the stock prices of U.S. banks operating in Canada should either rise or remain unchanged as a result of the FTA. If the greater power associated with Canadian operations is expected to add to risk-adjusted profits, stock prices of these U.S. banks should increase. To the extent that these potential profits are expected to be competed away in the Canadian markets, or are seen to be of a relatively insignificant nature, the prices of U.S. banks will not change