2,343 research outputs found

    Energy and Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Cool Roofs Applied to the Refurbishment of Social Housing in Southern Spain

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    Energy refurbishment of the housing stock is needed in order to reduce energy consumption and meet global climate goals. This is even more necessary for social housing built in Spain in the middle of the last century since its obsolete energy conditions lead to situations of indoor thermal discomfort and energy poverty. The present study carries out a life cycle assessment of the energy and economic performance of roofs after being retrofitted to become cool roofs for the promotion of social housing in Seville (Spain). Dynamic simulations are made in which the time dependent aging effect on the energy performance of the refurbished cool roofs is included for the whole lifespan. The influence of the time dependent aging effect on the results of the life cycle economic analysis is also assessed. A variety of scenarios are considered in order to account for the aging effect in the energy performance of the retrofitted cool roofs and its incidence while considering different energy prices and monetary discount rates on the life cycle assessment. This is made through a dynamic life cycle assessment in order to capture the impact of the aging dynamic behavior correctly. Results point out significant savings in the operational energy. However, important differences are found in the economic savings when the life cycle analysis is carried out since the source of energy and the efficiency of the equipment used for conditioning strongly impact the economic results

    O controle do mandato e a responsabilidade do chefe do poder executivo municipal pela violação do dever de cuidado ou segurança: uma análise comparada entre o ordenamento jurídico francês e o brasileiro

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    TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Direito.A presente pesquisa tem por tema uma análise da responsabilização do chefe do executivo municipal por eventos danosos resultantes da violação de um dever de cuidado ou segurança, conduta que resulta de um ato de gestão imprudente. Sendo o agente político em questão um representante eleito pela população, estudam-se as concepções de representação visando estabelecer os direitos e deveres esperados desta relação. Por tratar-se de uma representação política, afigura-se relevante a compreensão das teorias do mandato político, destacando a importância de um controle do mandato eficaz, que garanta à sociedade instrumentos de reparação, quando aquela for vítima de uma conduta danosa de seus representantes. Para tanto, o estudo também se debruça sobre as formas de responsabilidade classificadas pela doutrina como: política, administrativa, civil e penal. A análise dos conceitos colhidos do arsenal bibliográfico serviu como base de sustentação para o desenvolvimento da seguinte problemática: o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, à luz do controle do mandato, responsabiliza de forma adequada o chefe do poder executivo municipal pelos atos de gestão? A hipótese adotada é a de que existem lacunas na legislação pátria quanto à violação do dever de cuidado ou segurança, de modo a inviabilizar o pleno controle do mandato do representante local, abrindo caminho para impunidade. O meio mais adequado encontrado seria a responsabilização penal, com destaque para seu caráter preventivo. Para verificação desta hipótese, partindo do método hipotético-dedutivo, examinam-se fontes normativas e jurisprudenciais do ordenamento jurídico francês e sua evolução legislativa desde o caso do “Dossiê do Sangue Contaminado” até a criação da Lei Fauchon, que permitiu a implementação de um sistema de responsabilização penal criterioso, punindo agentes políticos envolvidos em casos resultantes da violação de um dever de cuidado ou segurança. O papel de contraposição com o ordenamento francês mostra-se relevante pois atualmente as formas de responsabilidades mostram-se bem definidas e efetivamente postas em prática, sem lacunas aparentes. Diante do paradigma estabelecido o estudo se desloca para o âmbito nacional, visando verificar no ordenamento brasileiro instrumentos legais que possam alcançar o mesmo nível de reparação à sociedade. Ocorre que, embora a legislação apresente dispositivos referentes à responsabilização do prefeito por condutas ilícitas, os esforços punitivos legais são direcionados para condutas lesivas à Administração e aos cofres públicos, a exemplo dos atos de improbidade e de corrupção. Quanto aos atos de gestão imprudentes causadores de danos à sociedade, seu processamento e suas sanções não se mostram eficazes, tendo em vista fatores como: a demora demasiada na aplicação de sanções; a ineficiência punitiva; a alta proteção do mandato e o afastamento da sociedade, vítima direta dos danos, do julgamento. Ainda, verifica-se a inexistência de previsão legal para o sancionamento de condutas culposas cujas vítimas sejam sujeitos diversos da Administração ou dos cofres públicos. Em reação a esse diagnóstico, o presente trabalho traça sua crítica às formas de responsabilidade positivadas, bem como identifica a necessidade de reivindicações de normatização da responsabilidade penal dos agentes políticos de forma mais abrangente, eficaz, eficiente e de aplicação imediata.The purpose of this research is to analyze the accountability of the Chief of Executive officer of the municipal gouvernment for harmful events resulting from the violation of a duty of care or safety, conduct that results from an imprudent act of management. Being the political agent in question a representative elected by the population, the study concerns the conceptions of representation aiming to establish the rights and duties expected of this relationship. Because it is a political representation, it is relevant to understand the theories of political mandate, highlighting the importance of effective control of the mandate, which provides society with instruments of redress when it is the victim of the misconduct of its representatives. Therefore, the study also focuses on the forms of liabilty classified by the doctrine as: political, administrative, civil and criminal. The analysis of the concepts collected from the bibliographic arsenal served as a basis for the development of the following problem: Does the Brazilian legal system, in light of the mandate control, adequately hold the Chief of of Executive officer of the municipal gouvernment responsible for his management acts? The hypothesis adopted is that there are gaps in the national legislation regarding the violation of the duty of care or safety, so as to make the full control of the local representative's mandate unfeasible, paving the way for impunity. The most appropriate means found would be criminal liability, highlighting its preventive aspect. To verify this hypothesis, starting from the hypothetical-deductive method, the normative and jurisprudential sources of the French legal system are studied, as well as the legislative evolution from the case of the “Contaminated Blood” until the creation of the Fauchon Law, which allowed the implementation of a legal criminal liability system, punishing political agents involved in cases resulting from a breach of a duty of care or security. The contrasting role with the French system is relevant because nowadays the forms of liabilities are well defined and effectively implemented, with no apparent gaps. Given the established paradigm, the study moves to the national level, aiming to verify in the Brazilian system legal instruments that can achieve the same level of reparation to society. It turns out that, although the legislation has provisions regarding the mayor's liability for unlawful conduct, legal punitive efforts are directed to conducts that harm the Administration or public coffers, such as acts of misconduct and corruption. With regard to reckless management acts that cause harm to society, their processing and sanctions are not effective, given factors such as: excessive delay in applying sanctions; punitive inefficiency; the high protection of the mandate and the removal of society, the direct victim of damages, of the trial. Still, there is no legal provision for the sanctioning of guilty conduct whose victims are different from the Administration or public coffers. In reaction to this diagnosis, the present research traces its critique of the legal instruments of liability, as well as identifies the need for more comprehensive, effective, efficient and immediate application of criminal responsibility standardization of political agents

    On the Presence of a Universal Acceleration Scale in Elliptical Galaxies

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    Dark matter phenomena in rotationally supported galaxies exhibit a characteristic acceleration scale of g1.2×1010g_\dagger \approx 1.2\times 10^{-10} m s2^{-2}. Whether this acceleration is a manifestation of a universal scale, or merely an emergent property with an intrinsic scatter, has been debated in the literature. Here we investigate whether a universal acceleration scale exists in dispersion-supported galaxies using two uniform sets of integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data from SDSS-IV MaNGA and ATLAS3D^{\rm 3D}. We apply the spherical Jeans equation to 15 MaNGA and 4 ATLAS3D^{\rm 3D} slow-rotator E0 (i.e., nearly spherical) galaxies. Velocity dispersion profiles for these galaxies are well determined with observational errors under control. Bayesian inference indicates that all 19 galaxies are consistent with a universal acceleration of g=1.50.6+0.9×1010g_\dagger=1.5_{-0.6}^{+0.9}\times 10^{-10} m s2^{-2}. Moreover, all 387 data points from the radial bins of the velocity dispersion profiles are consistent with a universal relation between the radial acceleration traced by dynamics and that predicted by the observed distribution of baryons. This universality remains if we include 12 additional non-E0 slow-rotator elliptical galaxies from ATLAS3D^{\rm 3D}. Finally, the universal acceleration from MaNGA and ATLAS3D^{\rm 3D} is consistent with that for rotationally supported galaxies, so our results support the view that dark matter phenomenology in galaxies involves a universal acceleration scale.Comment: Published in ApJ Letter

    Implementar práticas pedagógicas promotoras do pensamento crítico nos curricula do ensino superior europeu: o protocolo CRITHINKEDU

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    O desenvolvimento do Pensamento Crítico (PC) é considerado um objetivo fundamental para as Instituições de Ensino Superior Europeias. No sentido de alcançar esse objetivo de forma explícita, sistemática e sustentada, um protocolo educacional é proposto baseado nas diferentes atividades e resultados obtidos no âmbito do projeto Europeu CRITHINKEDU (Elen et al., 2019) . O protocolo aqui apresentado é o resultado de uma extensa revisão da literatura, da análise de necessidades ao nível do mercado de trabalho, da formação de professores e das experiências pedagógicas realizadas ao longo de diferentes semestres, cursos e universidades europeias, e ainda de uma ampla discussão entre os membros e consultores do projeto. O protocolo apoia-se em dois pressupostos essenciais: a) os estudantes desenvolvem o seu PC ao envolverem-se de forma explícita com atividades de aprendizagem desenhadas especificamente para esse efeito; e b) a melhoria do PC requer um envolvimento repetitivo e sistemático com essas atividades. O protocolo divide-se em três partes: 1) objetivos; 2) condições; e 3) intervenções de suporte. No que respeita a objetivos, o PC deve ser assumido como um objetivo a desenvolver a três grandes níveis: institucional (enquanto parte primordial da missão institucional), do programa de estudos (enquanto perfil de saída do estudante), e das unidades curriculares (enquanto resultado de aprendizagem). Relativamente a condições, o desenvolvimento do PC requer que ele seja exercido livremente e promovido de forma contínua e congruente. Por um lado, o seu exercício pleno e a sua promoção implicam a inexistência de censura ou de consequências negativas para a instituição, o seu corpo docente ou estudantes, tendo todos eles autonomia e liberdade para pensar por si próprios. Implica também que os recursos necessários estão disponíveis e que os estudantes podem prosperar num ambiente de aprendizagem que é devidamente desenhado para o efeito, oferecendo-lhes o tempo necessário para isso, ou até que os programas de estudos possam ser estruturados de forma transparente e aberta. Por outro lado, de forma contínua e congruente porque o desenvolvimento do PC não ocorre automaticamente ou sem esforço, necessita de prática contínua, reforço e suporte, e implica que todas as acções a seu respeito estejam devidamente alinhadas com os objetivos propostos. O protocolo propõe que, em relação ao desenvolvimento do PC (competências, disposições ou a combinação de ambos), sejam consideradas quatro categorias de intervenção: • Modelar – o desenvolvimento do PC ocorre significativamente quando a instituição (através das suas estruturas de gestão), o programa de estudos (através dos seus representantes) e as unidades curriculares (através dos seus docentes) demonstram o que é pensar criticamente; • Induzir – o desenvolvimento do PC ocorre significativamente através de processos de indução, o que implica que questões abertas são levantadas, tarefas não estruturadas são apresentadas, problemas complexos são discutidos e/ou situações autênticas, baseadas no mundo real, permanecem no centro da aprendizagem. Aquilo que induzir implica e como pode ser feito poderá variar entre diferentes disciplinas; • Declarar – o desenvolvimento do PC ocorre significativamente tornando-o específico e explícito, o que implica que haja concordância entre os objetivos propostos, as estratégias, e os critérios a usar na sua avaliação. Aquilo que declarar implica e como pode ser feito poderá variar entre diferentes disciplinas; • Avaliar – o desenvolvimento do PC é difícil e a sua probabilidade de sucesso aumenta quando a tomada de decisão é sustentada, baseada na monitorização dos processos, práticas e atividades correntes. Apesar de variar em termos do conteúdo e forma concretas entre diferentes disciplinas, avaliar implicará sempre monitorização, feedback e orientação; Para cada uma das categorias anteriores, exemplos concretos de potenciais práticas a adotar serão apresentados segundo os diferentes níveis – institucional, programa de estudos, e unidades curriculares. Reflexões em torno da implementação do protocolo, bem como das implicações teóricas e práticas para o seu futuro desenvolvimento e validação serão discutidas. Espera-se com esta proposta apoiar instituições, docentes e estudantes do ensino superior Europeu no desenvolvimento do PC de forma mais explícita, sistemática e sustentada

    Fostering critical thinking through peer review between cooperative learning groups

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    Educational policies keep stressing the importance of critical thinking skills for promotion of academic success in Higher Education, to facilitate transition into the labour market and to foster livelong learning. Curricula in Higher Education Institutions gradually meet this necessity, integrating strategies foreseeing the development of critical thought in students. However, at this level, we still commonly found teaching and learning strategies emphasizing a more or less passive knowledge transfer, focusing on the student’s ability to memorize in- formation. Peer review and feedback, allied to cooperative work, are important components of active learning and development of critical thinking skills pro- cess. It is therefore important to understand the role and influence of feedback provision in peer review activities between cooperative groups. This study analyses the perceptions and attitudes of 27 students in two Masters Courses on the feedback given in peer review activities (between groups), based on their responses to a survey. Results showed, among other aspects, that collaborative work and feedback exchange between groups fostered the contact with different perspectives towards the same situation, and that its critical analysis allowed the students to enhance different skills, the most referred one being the critical thinking. Keywords: critical thinking; cooperative learning; peer review

    Learning words while listening to syllables: electrophysiological correlates of statistical learning in children and adults

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    The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2022.805723/full#supplementary-materialFrom an early age, exposure to a spoken language has allowed us to implicitly capture the structure underlying the succession of speech sounds in that language and to segment it into meaningful units (words). Statistical learning (SL), the ability to pick up patterns in the sensory environment without intention or reinforcement, is thus assumed to play a central role in the acquisition of the rule-governed aspects of language, including the discovery of word boundaries in the continuous acoustic stream. Although extensive evidence has been gathered from artificial languages experiments showing that children and adults are able to track the regularities embedded in the auditory input, as the probability of one syllable to follow another syllable in the speech stream, the developmental trajectory of this ability remains controversial. In this work, we have collected Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) while 5-year-old children and young adults (university students) were exposed to a speech stream made of the repetition of eight three-syllable nonsense words presenting different levels of predictability (high vs. low) to mimic closely what occurs in natural languages and to get new insights into the changes that the mechanisms underlying auditory statistical learning (aSL) might undergo through the development. The participants performed the aSL task first under implicit and, subsequently, under explicit conditions to further analyze if children take advantage of previous knowledge of the to-be-learned regularities to enhance SL, as observed with the adult participants. These findings would also contribute to extend our knowledge of the mechanisms available to assist SL at each developmental stage. Although behavioral signs of learning, even under explicit conditions, were only observed for the adult participants, ERP data showed evidence of online segmentation in the brain in both groups, as indexed by modulations in the N100 and N400 components. A detailed analysis of the neural data suggests, however, that adults andThis study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), University of Minho, and supported by the Grant POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028212 from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds, and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement

    Initiation and Persistence with Warfarin Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation According to Ethnicity

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    The aim of this study was to investigate initiation of and persistence with warfarin treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) according to ethnicity. Patients hospitalized with first-time AF from 1997 to 2009, prescription claims of warfarin and country of birth were identified by individual-level linkage of nationwide administrative agencies. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relationship between covariates affecting initiation and non-persistence with warfarin treatment. A total of 151,537 patients were included in the study and 5,061(3.3%) were of non-Danish origin. CHADS2 score distribution varied substantially according to ethnicity, the proportion of patients with CHADS2 score ≥1 being 79.2, 78.1, 65.9, and 46.0% for patients of Danish, Western, Eastern, and African origin, respectively. 79,239(52.4%) of all patients initiated treatment with warfarin at some point in time. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analyses indicated patients of Eastern and African origin were less likely to initiate warfarin therapy (HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.69–0.82 and HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.44–0.76, respectively). Patients of Eastern origin were more likely to interrupt treatment (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.02–1.47; for all patients; HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.22–2.16; for patients with CHADS2 score >1). African origin was associated with a trend to interrupt treatment (HR 1.44; 95% CI 0.46–4.47; for patients with CHADS2 score >1). Initiation of and persistence with warfarin in AF patients is lower among patients of Eastern and African origin compared to patients of Danish and Western origin, despite equal access to health care and medication. Future studies should address, beyond ethnicity, all possible driving factors of (non)initiation and persistence with treatment in general. This will be particularly interesting in light of the new generation of anticoagulants, which might render different adherence to treatment
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