Computer model for the assessment of socio-economic and environmental aspects of biomass use - a comparison of results obtained in two selected regions in Slovenia and Croatia

Lesna biomasa je pomemben obnovljiv vir energije, ki ima lahko številne pozitivne socialno-ekonomske in okoljske vplive. V članku želimo predstaviti novo računalniško aplikacijo za oceno 15 socialno-ekonomskih in okoljskih vplivov povečane rabe lesne biomase. Računalniška aplikacija omogoča ločeno oceno vplivov glede na mesto nastanka v tehnološki verigi pridobivanja, predelave in rabe lesne biomase. Predlagana aplikacija omogoča oceno jakosti naslednjih socialno-ekonomskih in okoljskih vplivov: nova delovna mesta, povečan prihodek v regiji, dodatne aktivnosti na kmetijah, zmanjševanje nezaposlenosti, povečana samooskrba z energijo, povečani javni dohodki v regiji. Med pomembnejše in hkrati z aplikacijo merljive okoljske vplive sodijozmanjševanje emisij CO2, zmanjševanje stroškov odlaganja odpadkov, vplivna rabo lesnih ostankov, prispevek h gospodarjenju z gozdovi ter vpliv narabo druge lesne biomase v regiji. Izračun novih delovnih mest je razdeljen na neposredna, posredna in inducirana delovna mesta. Računalniška aplikacija je bila preizkušena v izbrani regiji v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem.Wood biomass is an important renewable source of energy, which can have numerous positive socio-economical and environmental effects. In the present article we would like to present a new model for the estimation of 15 socioeconomic and environmental aspects of the increased use of wood biomass. The presented model enables a selected estimation of different aspects in different chains of biomass production, preparation and use, as well as an estimation of the following socio-economic and environmental aspects: net labour income, net profit, regional public finance receipts, net direct jobs, net indirect jobs, net induced jobs, total net jobs, contribution to forest management, impact on wood waste utilization, impact on other woody biomass utilization, avoided costs of land fuel, saving CO2 emissions, possible impacton regional unemployment, avoided costs of unemployment, additional jobsfor farmers, additional activities on farms (from indirect and induced jobs) and self-sufficiency in electricity production. The most important is the estimation of new jobs, which is the reason why they were divided into direct, indirect and induced now jobs. The model was tested in two selected region in Slovenia and in Croatia

DIE ÖFFENTLICHKEIT ALS SCHLÜSSELFAKTOR DER DURCHFÜHRUNG VON PROJEKTEN ZUR NUTZUNG DER BIOMASSENENERGIE

Predviđene promjene na tržištima umreženih energenata u Republici Hrvatskoj, kojima je obuhvaćeno restrukturiranje, privatizacija i promjene u cjelokupnom energetskom sektoru, imat će značajan utjecaj na mogućnosti uvođenja i povećane uporabe obnovljivih izvora energije. Obrazovanje javnosti, njezino uključivanje u procese odlučivanja u energetskom sektoru te promocija obnovljivih izvora još uvijek nisu česta pojava u Hrvatskoj. Suprotno tome, u razvijenim zemljama Europske unije podrazumijeva se sudjelovanje javnosti u donošenju odluka važnih za energetski sektor. Između ostalih prepreka povećanoj uporabi obnovljivih izvora, pa tako i energije biomase u Hrvatskoj, značajno mjesto zauzimaju i socijalne prepreke, za čije će prevladavanje, ali i za uspješno povećanje udjela energije iz obnovljivih izvora biti potrebno obrazovanju i uključivanju javnosti posvetiti bitno veću pozornost nego što se to do sada činilo. U radu se navodi primjer uspješnog sudjelovanja javnosti u procesu odlučivanja vezanom za uporabu energije biomase u švedskom gradu Växjö. Neki rezultati ankete kojom se pokušalo utvrditi poznavanje biomase i stajalište stanovništva prema uporabi energije u Gorskom kotaru kao i pregled sredstava i načina obrazovanja i komunikacije s javnošću prilagođenih Hrvatskoj. Osim toga, u radu se donose osnovne postavke sustava rada s javnošću koji bi se u Hrvatskoj trebao primijeniti za uspješno poticanje uporabe energije biomase.The planned changes on the markets of the networked energents in the Republic of Croatia, which include the restructuring, privatization and changes in the overall energetic sector, will have an important influence on the possibility of introducing and increased use of renewable sources of energy. The education of the public, its including into the decision processes in the energetic sector and the promotion of renewable sources of energy are still not a common phenomenon in Croatia. Opposed to that, in the developed countries of the European Union the participation of the public is considered obligatory in making decisions important for the energetic sector. Among other barriers to an increased use of renewable sources, which implies also the use of biodegradable energy, the social barriers play an important role. In order to transcend them, but also to successfully increase the part of energy from renewable sources, the education and including of the public must receive much more attention than before. The paper presents an example of including the public into the decision process concerning the use of biodegradable sources in the Swedish city of Växjö. Presented are also the results of a survey in which it has been attempted at determining of the knowlegde on biodegradable sources and the attitudes of the population of the Croatian region of Gorski kotar towards its use. There is also an outline of means and ways of education and public relations adapted to Croatia. In addition to this, the paper presents basic instructions for a public relations system which should be applied in Croatia so to give impulses for the use of biodegradable energy.Die vorgesehenen Änderungen auf den Märkten vernetzter Energenten in der Republik Kroatien, die sich auf die Restrukturierung, Privatisierung und Änderungen im gesamten energetischen Sektor beziehen, werden einen großen Einfluss auf die Möglichkeiten der Einführung und erhöhter Nutzung von erneubaren Energiequellen ausüben. Die Bildung der Öffentlichkeit, ihre Miteinbeiziehung in die Entscheidungdsprozesse sowie die Förderung erneubarer Quellen sind in Kroatien noch immer sehr selten anzutreffen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist in den entwickelten Ländern der EU die Beiteilung der Öffentlichkeit beim Treffen von Entscheidungen, die für die Energetik wichtig sind, selbstverständlich. Unter anderen Hindernissen für eine erhöhte Nutzung erneubarer Quellen in Kroatien, wozu auch die Biomasse zählt, spielen eine wichtige Rolle auch soziale Hindernisse. Ihre Überwindung, aber auch ein erhöhter Energieanteil aus erneubaren Quellen kann nur dadurch erzielt werden, indem man der Bildung und der Miteinbeziehung der Öffentlichkeit eine viel größere Aufmerksamkeit schenkt, als es früher der Fall war. In dieser Arbeit wird ein erfolgreiches Beispiel im Hinblick auf die Beiteiliung der Öffenlichkeit angeführt, und zwar in der schwedischen Stadt Växjö. Angegeben werden auch Ergebnisse einer Umfrage, durch die man die Kenntnisse über die Biomasse und die Einstellungen der Bevölkerung in der kroatischen Region Gorski kotar zur Energienutzung ermitteln wollte. Angeführt werden auch die Mittel sowie die Art der Bildung und des Kommunizierens mit der Öffentlichkeit, die den kroatischen Verhältnissen angepasst worden sind. Angegeben werden auch die Grundvoraussetzungen für eine Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, die in Kroatien zur Förderung der Nutzung von Biomassenenergie eingesetzt werden sollte

SOZIALÖKONOMISCHE AUSWIRKUNGEN VON NUTZUNG DER BIOMASSENENERGIE

Ekonomski razvoj usko je povezan s raspoloživošću i primjenom novih izvora energije. U posljednje vrijeme sve više postaje očito da je današnji pristup energiji neodrživ. U dosadašnjoj povijesti korištenja energije, socijalni su čimbenici uvijek imali značajnu ulogu pri svakoj značajnijoj promjeni ili zaokretu. Zajedno s hidroenergijom, energijom vjetra, sunca te geotermalnom ener¬gijom, biomasa se danas smatra ključnim čimbenikom budućih strategija primjene obnovljivih izvora energije. Uporaba biomase i od nje dobivenih različitih biogoriva ima za posljedicu široki spektar različitih društvenih i gospodarskih pozitivnih posljedica, posebno u razvoju izoliranih i ruralnih područja. Kao posebno značajno može se istaknuti zapošljavanje (otvaranje novih i zadržavanje postojećih radnih mjesta), porast lokalne i regionalne gospodarske aktivnosti, ostva¬rivanje dodatnog prihoda u poljoprivredi, šumarstvu i drvnoj industriji prodajom biomase–goriva. Osim toga uspostavljaju se novčani tokovi u lokalnoj zajednici (investicije–zarade–porezi) umjesto odljeva sredstava zbog kupovine fosilnih goriva. Utjecaj na zapošljavanje te ostali navedeni socijalno–gospodarski aspekti predstavljaju najveću prednost primjene biomase, kao i ostalih obnovljivih izvora energije. Razvijene države Europske unije i svijeta svjesne su ovih pozitivnih učinaka i stoga u znatnoj mjeri pomažu projekte primjene energije biomase. U radu se analiziraju veze različitih socijalno–ekonomskih čimbenika koji nastaju kao posljedica primjene energije biomase te iznosi procjena doprinosa uporabe biomase na otvaranje novih radnih mjesta u Hrvatskoj. Prikazani su rezultati kao dio aktivnosti Nacionalnog energetskog programa BIOEN (Program primjene energije biomase i otpada), a uključeni su i u nedavno objavljenu Strategiju energetskog razvoja Republike Hrvatske.In the history of using energy it was social factors that played an important role in any kind of significant transformation. Along with water, wind, solar and geothermal energy, it is biodegradable energy that is being conceived a key factor in future strategies of using renewable sources of energy. Usage of biodegradable sources and fuels produced from them has resulted in a number of various positive social and economic impacts, especially with respect to the development of isolated and rural areas. Special importance comes to employment (opening of new and retaining of existent job opportunities), increased local and regional economic activity, gaining of additional returns in agriculture, forestry and lumbery by selling fuels produced from biodegradable sources. In addition to this, new money flows can be established in a local community (investments – earnings – taxes) instead of money outflow due to buying fossile fuels. The impact on employment and other socio–economic aspects are the most important advantage of using biodegradable and other renewable sources of energy. Developed countries within and outside European Union are conscious of these positive impacts, so that they significantly help projects concerned with using biodegradable sources of energy. In this paper various socio–economic factors are analyzed as a result of using biodegradable sources. Estimates about the impact of using biodegradable sources on opening new workplaces in Croatia are also presented. The results that are presented have emerged from activities within the National Energetics Programme BIOEN (Usage of Biodegradable Sources of Energy). They have also been included in recently published Strategy of Energetic Development of the Republic of Croatia.In der bisherigen Geschichte der EnergieNutzung spielten die sozialen Faktoren bei jeder bedeutenden Veränderung oder Wende eine wichtige Rolle. Zusammen mit der Wasser–, Wind–, Sonnen– und geothermalen Energie wird die Biomasse heute zum wichtigsten Faktor künftiger Nutzungsstrategien von erneubaren Energiequellen. Die Nutzung der Biomasse und der aus ihr gewonnenen unterschiedlichen Bio–Brennstoffe hat eine Reihe von verschiedenen positiven gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen zur Folge, und zwar vor allem bei der Entwicklung von entlegenen und ruralen Gebieten. Als besonders wichtige Auswirkungen können folgende Tatsachen genannt werden: Eröffnung neuer und Beibehaltung schon bestehender Arbeitsplätze, der Zuwachs lokaler und regionaler wirtschaftlicher Aktivitäten, Zusatzumsatz in der Land– und Forstwirtschaft sowie in der Holzindustrie durch den Verkauf von Bio–Brennstoffen. Darüber hinaus entstehen neue Geldtransaktionen in der lokalen Gemeinschaft (Investitionen – Umsatz – Steuern), statt dass das Geld durch den Ankauf von fossilen Brennstoffen abfließt. Die Auswirkungen auf den Arbeitsmarkt und die anderen genannten sozial–wirtschaftlichen Aspekte stellen den grössten Vorteil bei der Nutzung von Biomasse und anderen erneubaren Energiequellen dar. Die hochentwickelten Staaten innerhalb und außerhalb der Europäischen Union sind sich dieser Vorteile bewusst, so dass sie Projekte im Bereich der Nutzung von Biomassenenergie in großem Ausmass unterstützen. Analysiert werden in dieser Studie die Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen sozial–wirtschaftlichen Faktoren, die sich aus der Nutzung von Biomassenenergie ergeben. Es wird auch dargestellt, wie sich die Nutzung von Biomassenenergie auf die Eröffnung neuer Arbeitsplätze in Kroatien auswirken könnte. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse sind im Rahmen des Nationalen Energie–Programms BIOEN entstanden (Programm der Nutzung der aus Biomasse und Müll gewonnenen Energie). Sie wurden auch in die neulich veröffentlichte Strategie der energetischen Entwicklung der Republik Kroatien aufgenommen

Procjena potencijala brzorastućih nasada u Republici Hrvatskoj: Primjer razultata u sklopu FP7 projekta Biomass energy Europe

The overall objective of the FP7 Biomass Energy Europe – BEE project is to improve the accuracy and comparability of future biomass resource assessments for energy by reducing heterogeneity, increasing harmonisation and exchanging knowledge. One of the main results within the project is the development of the Methods Handbook for biomass potential assessment, which contains detailed description of the proposed methodology based on type of biomass and type of analysis (statistical, spatially explicit, integrated and others). The main objective of the Illustration case for Croatia performed within the BEE project is to estimate the energy and technical potential of fast-growing broadleaved species energy plantations on abandoned land or on land where agricultural production is not profitable. The methodology utilised is based on the BEE Methods Handbook. The main source of data used is contained within the Basic pedological map of the Republic Croatia, which forms the basis for the estimation of soil suitability for any kind of designated utilization. The theoretical potential for short rotation energy crops production in Croatia was estimated as following: • Forest area suitable for energy crops – a total of 51 200 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing in total 470 200 t DM/y or 8,7 PJ • Agricultural areas with moderately suitable soils and limited soil suitability – a total of 617 000 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing a total of 7 404 000 t DM/y or 136,2 PJ The technical potential for short rotation energy crops production in Croatia was estimated as following: • Forest area suitable for energy crops – a total of 46 850 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing in total 430 000 t DM/y or 7,9 PJ • Agricultural areas with moderately suitable soils and limited soil suitability – a total of 235 650 ha was estimated to be suitable for SRC, producing a total of 2 827 800 t DM/y or 52,1 PJ In spite of the considerable potential for short rotation energy crops production, currently a very small amount of the available area is utilised in Croatia. The issues and problems to be addressed in order to increase this production include a change in policy approach, especially aimed at small landowners, introduction of incentives and subsidies, lack of knowledge and experience in growing energy crops and generally a lack of cooperation between relevant stakeholders.Osnovni cilj projekta FP7 Biomass Energy Europe – BEE je poboljšati točnost i mogućnost usporedbe budućih procjena potencijala biomase za proizvodnju energije, uz smanjenje heterogenosti, povećanje harmoniziranosti te razmjenu znanja. Jedan od glavnih rezultata projekta je razvoj priručnika (handbook) o metodologijama za procjenu potencijala biomase, koji sadrži detaljan opis predložene metodologije u ovisnosti o vrsti biomase i tipu analize (statistički, prostorno eksplicitni, integrirani i drugi). Glavni cilj Ilustrativnog primjera (Illustration Case) za Hrvatsku, a koji je proveden u sklopu BEE projekta, je izvršiti procjenu potencijala brzorastućih nasada na napuštenom zemljištu, odnosno zemljištu gdje poljoprivredna proizvodnja nije profitabilna. Korištena metodologija u skladu je s priručnikom razvijenim u BEE projektu. Osnovni izvor podataka sadržan je u Pedološkoj karti Hrvatske, koja je predstavljala osnovu za procjenu prikladnosti tla za bilo koju vrstu primjene. Teoretski potencijal brzorastućih nasada u Hrvatskoj procijenjen je na sljedeće iznose: • Površina šuma i šumskog zemljišta prikladnog za brzorastuće nasade: ukupno 51 200 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 470 200 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 8,7 PJ • Površina poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa srednje prikladnim i neprikladnim tlom – ukupno 617 000 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 7 404 000 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 136,2 PJ. Tehnički potencijal brzorastućih nasada u Hrvatskoj procijenjen je na sljedeće iznose: • Površina šuma i šumskog zemljišta prikladnog za brzorastuće nasade: ukupno 46 850 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 430 000 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 7,9 PJ • Površina poljoprivrednog zemljišta sa srednje prikladnim i neprikladnim tlom – ukupno 235 650 ha, ukupna proizvodnja 2 827 800 t suhe tvari godišnje, odnosno 52,1 PJ. Unatoč značajnom potencijalu brzorastućih nasada, trenutno se koristi vrlo mali iznos raspoložive površine. Problemi i prepreke koje je potrebno ukloniti kako bi se iskorištavanje brzorastućih nasada povećalo, uključuje promjene u cjelopnoj politici, posebice prema malim zemljoposjednicima, uvođenje financijskih poticaja, nedostatak znanja i iskustva u uzgoju brzorastućih nasada te općenito nedostatak suradnje između relevantnih dionika

A Sustainability Framework for Enhancing the Long-Term Success of LULUCF Projects

Collateral impacts of LULUCF projects, especially those concerning social and environmental aspects, have been recognised as important by the Marrakech Accords. The same applies to the necessity of assessing and, if possible, of quantifying the magnitude of these impacts. This article aims to define, clarify and structure the relevant social, economic and environmental issues to be addressed and to give examples of indicators that ought to be included in the planning, design, implementation, monitoring, and ex post evaluation of LULUCF projects. This is being done by providing a conceptual framework for the assessment of the sustainability of such projects that can be used as a checklist when dealing with concrete projects, and that in principle is applicable to both Annex I and non-Annex I countries. Finally, a set of recommendations is provided to further develop and promote the proposed framework.LULUCF projects, CDM, Kyoto Protocol, Sustainability, Socio-economic impacts, Environmental impacts

Workshop Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries

The present Proceedings include the presentations made at the Workshop Data Gathering on Renewable Energies for New Member States and Candidate Countries, which was held on 15-16 November 2006 in Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia. The workshop was organised by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission - Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit Action: Scientific Technical Reference System on Renewable Energy and Energy End-use Efficiency, in cooperation with the Energy Institute Hrvoje Pozar, Croatia. The primary aim of workshop was the collection of the data on the latest achievements in the field of Renewable Energy in the New Member States and Candidate Countries. The governmental and institutional specialists and scientists in the field of sustainable energy development presented the latest information and on RES development at EU level and market developments in their own countries. The presence, for the first time of the specialists from West Balkan Countries at a workshop organised by JRC for RES was an important extra added value. The key note speeches of the experts from European Renewable Energy Council (EREC) and International Energy Agency (IEA) provided a general view on the latest data on the trends and developments of RES at international level. The completeness of presentations, the wealth of newest, updated and complementary information on RES brought together by the workshop participants, contributed to the achievements of the meeting objectives and represents a great success.JRC.H.8-Renewable energie

Impacts of EmissionTrading Markets on Competitiveness of Forestry Biomass in Croatia

Povećanje udjela obnovljivih izvora energije u ukupnoj ener get skoj bilanci, jedan je od strateških ciljeva sve većeg broja zemalja. Hrvatska se potpisivanjem međunarodnih sporazuma (npr. Kyoto protokol) te sukladno za konodavstvu i priključivanju u EU, obvezala na poduzimanje konkretnih ko raka u povećanju korištenja obnovljivih izvora energije, sukladno paradigmi “održivog razvoja”. Biomasa je obnovljivi izvor energije s najvećim potencija lom u Hrvatskoj. Cilj ovoga rada je istražiti utjecaj Europske sheme trgovanja emisijama (EU ETS sheme) i fleksibilnih mehanizama Kyotskog protokola – mehanizam Zajedničke implementacije (engl.Joint Implementation, JI) i Mehanizam čis tog razvoja (engl.Clean Development Mechanism, CDM) na konkurentnost proizvodnje energije iz biomase. Osnovna prednost biomase u odnosu na fo silne energente je u tome, što se sagorijevanje biomase u svrhu proizvodnje ener gije smatra tehnologijom bez CO2emisija, budući da biomasa tijekom ras ta veže CO2u procesu fotosinteze. EU ETS ograničava količinu emisija na nacionalnoj razini i na razini po jedinog postrojenja. Svako postrojenje ima određenu količinu emisijskih prava tj. kvotu kojom raspolaže, a trgovanje između postrojenja omogućuje za dovoljenje vlastite kvote kupnjom emisijskih prava na tržištu. JI i CDM pro jekti predstavljaju fleksibilne Kyoto mehanizme, koji omogućuju ulaganje u projekte smanjenja emisija izvan zemlje ulagača. Količina emisija smanjena u tim projektima koristi se za zadovoljenje kvota zemlje ulagača, a cijenu CO2 emisija po toni iz takvih projekata određuje tržište. Ograničenje količine emi sija koju pojedino postrojenje ili država smiju emitirati, dovodi do povećanja konkurentnosti niskougljičnih tehnologija. Pri iskorištenju i gospodarenju šumama nastaju velike količine šumske bio mase koje se mogu upotrijebiti za proizvodnju energije. Dodatna mogućnost iskorištenja biomase, ostvariva je osnivanjem bioenergetskih plantaža i proiz vodnjom biomase šumskih vrsta drveća u kulturama kratkih ophodnji (KKO). U radu je prikazan matematičko ekonomski model, pomoću kojega je mo guće istražiti utjecaj cijene CO2emisija na investicijske odluke o gradnji novih elektrana ili o promjeni goriva u postojećim elektranama, odnosno istražiti pri kojim cijenama prava na emisiju biomasa postaje konkurentna drugim tehnologijama. Promjena cijene CO2emisija utječe na kratkoročne (KGT) i dugoročne granične troškove (DGT) proizvodnje električne energije, pri čemu odluka o promjeni goriva u postojećoj elektrani ovisi o kretanju krat koročnih graničnih troškova, dok o dugoročnim graničnim troškovima ovisi investicijska odluka prilikom izgradnje novih elektrana. Rezultati primijenjenog modela govore kako je u postojećim elektranama (usporedba KGT) uporaba biomase kao goriva konkurentnija od uporabe plina čak i bez poticajne cijene od prodaje električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora (feed-in tarifom), dok je biomasa konkurentnija od ugljena pri cijeni emisijskih prava višoj od 26 €/tCO2. Prilikom donošenja odluke o investiranju u novu elektranu (usporedba DGT) s postojećom feed-in tarifom, investiranje u izgradnju elektrane na biomasu je isplativija odluka od investiranja u elek tranu na ugljen ili plin (pri nižoj cijeni biomase) dok je pri višoj cijeni bio mase ona isplativija kod cijene emisijskih prava više od 21 €/tCO2.A rising share of renewable energy sources in the overall ene rgy balance is one of the strategic goals of a growing number of countries. By signing international agreements (e.g. the Kyoto Protocol), and in accordance with the legislature and accession to the EU, Croatia undertook the obligation to make concrete steps and increase the use of renewable energy sources, as stated by the paradigm “sustainable development”. In Croatia, biomass is a renewable energy source with the greatest potential. The goal of this work is to explore the impact of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS Scheme) and flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Pro tocol – the Joint Implementation Mechanism, JI, and the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM, – on the competitiveness of biomass energy production. Compared to fossil fuels, the advantage of biomass is that energy from bio mass combustion is considered CO2free technology, since biomass sequesters CO2as part of photosynthesis. The EU ETS restricts emission amounts at the national level and at the level of single installation. Every industrial operator is allocated a certain amount of emission allowances. In order to satisfy their needs, the operators may trade with their allowances and purchase emission allowances on the market. The JI and CDM projects represent flexible Kyoto mechanisms which allow investment in emissions reduction outside the investing country. The amount of emissions reduced in such projects is used to satisfy the allowances of the investing countries, while the price of CO2emissions per ton is determi ned by the market. An allocated amount of emissions which an installation or a country may emit increases the competitiveness of low-carbon technologies. Forest management and exploatation produces large quantities of forest biomass, which can be used for energy production. Biomass can additionally be generated by the establishment of bioenergy plantations and biomass pro duction in short rotation crops (SRC) of forest tree species. The article presents a mathematical economic model which explores the im pact of CO2prices on investment decisions related to the construction of new electrical power plants or a change of fuels in the existing plants. The model determines emissions allowance prices at which biomass becomes more com­petitive than other technologies. Changes in CO2prices affect short run margi nal costs (SRMC) and long run marginal costs (LRMC) of electrical energy production, where a decision on the replacement of fuel in the existing plant depends on trends in short run marginal costs, whereas an investment decision to construct new electrical plants depends on long run marginal costs. According to the results of the applied model, biomass fuel in the existing plants (comparison of SRMC) is more competitive than gas even with minimal biomass prices and no additional CO2allowance price or feed-in tariffs. With CO2prices larger than 26 €/t CO2, biomass becomes more competitive than gas and coal for its minimal price, while for its maximal price it is more com petitive at CO2prices larger than 21 €/t CO2

ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEQUELLEN UND ENERGETISCHE WIRKSAMKEIT. EINE UMFRAGE ZU EINSTELLUNGEN UND MEINUNGEN DER BEVÖLKERUNG VON ZAGREB UND RIJEKA

U članku se iznose rezultati anketnog istraživanja stavova i mišljenja o obnovljivim izvorima i energetskoj efikasnosti, provedenog u ljeto 2003. godine na slučajnom uzorku od 1500 stanovnika Zagreba (900) i Rijeke (600). Višekriterijska usporedba različitih izvora energije pokazuje da se obnovljivi izvori smatraju povoljnijima za okoliš, sigurnijima, jeftinijima i važnijima za energetsku nezavisnost Hrvatske, dok se za neobnovljive izvore procjenjuje da daju više energije i više doprinose lokalnoj zajednici. Ispitanici iskazuju izrazitu sklonost obnovljivim izvorima (85% smatra da bi ih u Hrvatskoj trebalo koristiti više nego danas) i znatnu spremnost da njihovu većem korištenju i sami doprinesu. Dvije trećine ispitanika spremno je plaćati nešto veću cijenu električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora. Biodizel bi kupovali gotovi svi koji ga mogu koristiti za pogon svojih vozila, pri čemu ga je četvrtina spremna platiti nešto skuplje, a 14% kupovalo bi ga samo kad bi bio nešto jeftiniji od standardnog dizela. Velika većina (84%) ispitanika spremna je sudjelovati u prikupljanju otpadnog ulje radi proizvodnje biodizela. Među različitim mjerama za poticanje štednje energije većina ispitanika nije spremna podržati jedino uvođenje ekološkog poreza da kućanstva. Prema mišljenju velike većine ispitanika (92%), u razvoju energetskog sektora u Hrvatskoj prednost treba dati onim izvorima energije koji imaju najmanji negativan utjecaj na okoliš, čak i uz pretpostavku da je energija iz njih skuplja.The paper presents results of the research of attitudes and opinions on renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. The research was conducted in summer 2003, on random sample of 1500 residents of two Croatian urban centers, Zagreb (900) and Rijeka (600). Multi-criterion assessment of various energy sources shows that renewable sources are perceived to be better for the environment, safer, cheaper and more important for national self-reliance in energy supply, while non-renewable sources are ranked higher regarding energy abundance and various positive economic affects. Attitude towards renewable sources are extremely favorable - 85% of the respondents believe that Croatia should rely more on those sources. Considerable willingness for personal contribution to higher use of renewable sources is expressed as well: two thirds of the respondents are willing to pay more for green power, and virtually all those who use diesel fuel are willing to buy biodiesel. The majority of respondents (84%) are also willing to collect waste oil in their households for biodiesel production. Support for various energy conservation measures is also high, except for the introduction of environmental tax for households. Great majority of the respondents (92%) share opinion that future development of energy sector in Croatia should rely on the least environmentally threatening sources, even if it assumes higher energy price.Im vorliegenden Artikel werden die Ergebnisse einer Umfrage zu den Einstellungen und Meinungen über die erneuerbaren Energiequellen und die energetische Wirksamkeit dargestellt, die im Sommer 2003 an einer Stichprobe von 1500 Personen (900 in Zagreb und 600 in Rijeka) durchgeführt wurde. Die mehreren Kriterien folgende Einschätzung unterschiedlicher Energiequellen zeigt, dass die erneuerbaren Energiequellen als umweltfreundlich angesehen werden und dass sie für eine energetische Selbständigkeit Kroatiens sicherer, billiger und am wichtigsten sind. Für die nicht-erneuerbaren Energiequellen wird hingegen behauptet, dass sie mehr Energie geben und besser zur lokalen Gemeinschaft beitragen. Die Befragten zeigen eine ausgesprochene Vorliebe für erneuerbare Quellen (85% der Befragten glaubt, dass diese Quellen in Kroatien in einem größeren Ausmaß benützt werden müssten, als es heute der Fall ist) sowie eine größere Bereitschaft, diese Quellen auch selbst zu benützen. Zwei Drittel der Befragten erklärte sich bereit, einen um Einiges höheren Preis für den elektrischen Strom aus erneuerbaren Energiequellen zu zahlen. Fast alle Befragten würden den BioBDiesel kaufen, wobei ein Viertel der Befragten auch ein bisschen mehr zahlen würde, und 14% der Befragten würde ihn kaufen, nur wenn er um Einiges billiger als Standard-Diesel wäre. Die meisten Befragten (84%) erklärte sich bereit, am Sammeln von Abfallöl zwecks Herstellung von BioBDiesel teilzunehmen. Was die verschiedenen Maßnahmen zur Förderung des Energiesparens betrifft, sprachen sich die meisten Befragten gegen die Einführung von ÖkoBSteuern aus. 92% aller Befragten sind der Meinung, dass bei der Entwicklung des energetischen Sektors in Kroatien jene Energiequellen bevorzugt werden müssten, deren Einfluss auf die Umwelt am wenigsten negativ ist, sogar unter der Voraussetzung, dass die aus ihnen gewonnene Energie teurer wäre

INTRODUCING BIODIESEL FUEL INTO THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Sažetak Biodizel je motorno gorivo koje se proizvodi esterifikacijom repičinog ulja s metanolom. Može se koristiti u smjesi s mineralnim dizelom. Biogoriva a posebno biodizel su danas najvrjedniji izvori obnovljive energije. Nacionalne ekonomije povezuju tako poljoprivrednu proizvodnju i proizvodnju energije. U Hrvatskoj nema još proizvodnje biodizela. Zbog povoljnih klimatskih uvjeta Hrvatska ima značajni potencijal proizvodnje biodizela iz repičinog ulja. Pod utjecajem kretanja u razvijenim europskim zemljama te na osnovi 18-mjesečnog rada na nacionalnom energetskom programu BIOEN (program korištenja energije iz biomase i otpada), te radi stimulativnih mjera hrvatske vlade može se očekivati povećanje nasada pod uljaricama, a posebno uljane repice. Energetske potrebe hrvatske poljoprivrede iznose 105000 t goriva godi{nje (bez procesiranja). U slučaju korištenja biodizela trebalo bi za proizvodnju ekvivalentne količine repičinog ulja koristiti 120000 ha obradivog zemljišta. Ukupne obradive površine u Hrvatskoj iznose 1632750 ha. U 1993. u Hrvatskoj su uvedene nove visokokvalitetne sorte uljane repice, tzv. "00"-kultivari. S novim "00"-sortama prinosi su u prosjeku porasli sa 2,2 t/ha na 3,2 t/ha. Potencijalna potrošnja biodizela u Hrvatskoj procjenjuje se približno na najmanje 30000 t/god. metilnog estera repičinog ulja. Očekivane ekonomske, socijalne i ekološke koristi na nacionalnoj razini treba dostići kroz stvaranje domaće proizvodnje biodizela i kroz podupiranje široke upotrebe biodizela. Prvi korak je na razini testova, tako da je u planiranju više regionalnih projekata proizvodnje repičinog ulja kao i eksperimentalno postrojenje za esterifikaciju. Korištenje biodizela ispitat će se u realnim eksploatacijskim uvjetima. Hrvatska vlada treba uspostaviti porezne i zakonske uvjete koji podupiru proizvodnju i korištenje biodizela. Isto tako treba formirati hrvatski standard za biodizelsko gorivo u skladu s europskim standardima i direktivama.Biodiesel is an engine fuel that is produced from rapeseedoil by esterification with methanol having the properties that are comparable to petroleum diesel fuel. It can be used as blend with mineral diesel fuel. Biofuels and especially biodiesel today represent the most valuable form of renewable energy sources. In majority of European countries biodiesel has privileged tax treatment. National economies are connecting agricultural production with energy production. In Croatia, at present, there is no biodiesel production. Due to its favourable climate conditions, Croatia has significant potential for biodiesel production from rapeseedoil. Under the influence of modern movements in developed European countries and also based on the 18-month work in the frame of the National Energy Programme BIOEN (Programme of using energy from biomass and waste), and due to stimulative measures of the Croatian government, we could expect an increase of oilseed plants, especially rapeseed. Total demands of Croatian agricultural production on energy are 105.000 t of fuel without processing losses. In the case of using biodiesel as fuel, for the production of rapeseedoil of an equivalent amount one would need 120.000 hectares of arable land. The entire Croatian arable area is 1.632.750 hectares. In 1993, in Croatia were introduced new high-quality varieties of rapseed, the so called “00”-cultivars. With new “00”-varieties, yield was in average increased from 2.2 t/ha to 3.2 t/ha. The rough estimate of the potential demand on biodiesel in Croatia is at least 30000 t/y of rapeseedoil methylester. Expected economic, social end ecological benefits on national level registered in other european countries should be achieved by establishing of domestic biodiesel production and by promoting the broad use of biodiesel. The first step will be on the test level, so that several regional projects for rapeseedoil production are in preparation, as well as an experimental plant for esterification. The use of biodiesel will be examined under real test run conditions. The Croatian government should establish fiscal and legal conditions which promote the production and use of rapeseedoil and biodiesel. Also a Croatian fuel quality standard for biodiesel should be established in accordance with European standards and directives

INFORMIERTHEIT ÜBER ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEQUELLEN UND ENERGETISCHE WIRKSAMKEIT

U članku se prezentiraju neki rezultati anketnog istraživanja, provedenog ljeti 2003. godine na uzorku od 1500 ispitanika iz Zagreba (900) i Rijeke (600), koji se odnose na informiranost o proizvodnji energije i njezinu utjecaju na okoliš, proizvodnji i potrošnji energije u Hrvatskoj te - najvećim dijelom - energiji biomase. Istraživački projekt realiziran je suradnjom Energetskog instituta Hrvoje Požar, Zavoda za sociologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu i nevladine organizacije Eko Liburnia. Informiranost je mjerena na dva načina: subjektivnom procjenom samih ispitanika te objektivnim testom konstruiranim za potrebe projekta. Analiza metrijskih karakteristika testa pokazuje da je riječ o instrumentu koji je težinom primjeren općoj populaciji, a distribucija na njemu dobivenih rezultata pogodna je za korelacijske i slične analize. No, instrument je razmjerno heterogen i nešto niže pouzdanosti (KRB20=0.57), što - uz manje modifikacije nekih čestica - predstavlja prostor njegova poboljšanja u idućim primjenama. I objektivni test i skale subjektivne informiranosti pokazuju slabu informiranost ispitanika koja se izražava već na razini razumijevanja temeljnih pojmova, osobito kada je riječ o korištenju energije biomase. U zaključnom dijelu rada ukazuje se na potrebu boljeg informiranja javnosti - što je nužan preduvjet njezine racionalne podrške većem korištenju obnovljivih izvora - te se komentiraju rezultati istraživanja koje bi bilo korisno uvažiti pri koncipiranju i provedbi budućih edukacijskih programa.Paper presents results of a survey research of knowledge regarding environmental impact of energy production, energy production and consumption in Croatia, and renewable energy sources (with focus on biomass). Research was conducted in summer 2003 on random sample of 1500 respondents from two Croatian urban centers - Zagreb and Rijeka, with collaboration of Energy institute Hrvoje Požar, Sociology Department of Zagreb Faculty of Philosophy and NGO Eko Liburnia. The knowledge was measured using self-assessment scales and objective test. The test - being a pioneering attempt in objective measurement of renewable energy sources knowledge in Croatia - shows to be of appropriate overall difficulty for general population, and distribution of results is suitable for correlation analysis and other parametric tests. Possible improvements are concerning relatively low reliability (CRB20=0.57) and heterogeneity (four low correlated factors). Both the test and self-assessment scales indicate poor knowledge, even regarding most basic concepts, with the lowest results obtained on items measuring biomass energy knowledge. Since only well educated public can give rational support for the increased usage of renewable energy sources in Croatia, authors conclude that various education programs are needed and discuss some research results that should be respected in the development of such programs.Im vorliegenden Artikel werden einige Ergebnisse der an einer aus 1500 Personen bestehenden Stichprobe (900 in Zagreb und 600 in Rijeka) durchgeführten Umfrage dargestellt, die sich auf die Informiertheit über Energieherstellung und ihren Einfluss auf die Umwelt sowie auf die Herstellung und Nutzung der Energie in Kroatien und über die Biomassenenergie bezieht. Dieses Forschungsprojekt wurde vom Institut für Energetik "Hrvoje Požar", dem Institut für Soziologie an der Philosophischen Fakultät in Zagreb und der NGO Eko-Liburnia durchgeführt. Die Informiertheit wurde auf zwei Weisen gemessen: durch eine subjektive Einschätzung der Befragten und durch einen für das Projekt entworfenen objektiven Test. Die Analyse der metrischen Eigenschaften des Tests zeigt, dass es sich um ein Instrument handelt, das im Hinblick auf seine Komplexität eher für die allgemeine Bevölkerung angemessen ist, während die Verteilung der durch ihn gewonnenen Ergebnisse bei Korrelations- und ähnlichen Analysen verwendet werden kann. Das Instrument ist jedoch verhältnismäßig heterogen und weniger verlässlich (KRB20=0.57), was - neben kleineren Modifikationen in einigen Partikeln - einen Spielraum für Verbesserungen in künftigen Anwendungen darstellt. Sowohl der objektive Test als auch die Skalen der subjektiven Informiertheit weisen eine schwache Informiertheit der Befragten auf, die schon auf der Ebene des Verständnisses der Grundbegriffe zum Ausdruck kommt, besonders wenn es sich um die Nutzung von Biomassenenergie handelt. Im abschließenden Teil der Arbeit wird auf den Bedarf hingewiesen, die Öffentlichkeit besser zu informieren, damit sie sich für erneuerbare Energiequellen einsetzt. Es werden auch Ergebnisse der Befragung kommentiert, die bei der Planung und Durchführung künftiger Bildungsprogamme zu berücksichtigen wären