Implementing of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Banking

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multicriteria decision support method created by Thomas L. Saaty. It provides both individual and group decision makers an objective way for reaching an optimal decision. The AHP is designed to select the best from a number of alternatives evaluated with respect to several criteria. It is taken by carrying out pairwise comparison judgements which are used to develop overall priorities for ranking the alternatives. This method allows for some level of inconsistency in judgements (that is unavoidable in practice) and provides some measures for limiting that. Our article describes classical Saaty solution to the AHP problem and shows the application of the AHP in establishing the price of the bank deposits.Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej nauk

Zasady zapobiegania przeniesieniu nowotworu złośliwego od dawcy do biorcy przeszczepu i oznaczanie markerów nowotworowych przy kwalifikacji dawców narządów — stanowisko Grupy Roboczej Polskiego Towarzystwa Transplantacyjnego (GR PTT)

Przeniesienie nowotworu złośliwego od dawcy do biorcy przeszczepu zdarza się bardzo rzadko (2,2 transplantacji na 10 tys. — ONT Registry, Hiszpania; 1,3 transplantacji na 10 tys. — UNOS Registry, USA), niesie za sobą jednak poważne konsekwencje. Z tego względu należy ocenić dawcę pod kątem występowania (obecnie i w przeszłości) choroby nowotworowej w celu pomniejszenia ryzyka transmisji komórek nowotworu z przeszczepionym narządem. Przestrzeganie ogólnych zaleceń pozwala w dużej mierze uniknąć przeniesienia nowotworów, niemniej jednak każdy potencjalny dawca, w tym szczególnie dawca w podeszłym wieku, wymaga wnikliwej oceny pod tym kątem. Ryzyko przeniesienia zależy od rodzaju nowotworu (typu histopatologicznego i stopnia zróżnicowania histopatologicznego; grading) oraz stopnia klinicznego zaawansowania nowotworu (staging). Ze względu na znikome ryzyko przerzutów narządowych przeszczepiane mogą być na przykład narządy od dawców z rakiem podstawnokomórkowym (BCC) i płaskonabłonkowym skóry (SCC). W wypadku innych nowotworów, w tym nowotworów mózgu, podejście zależy nie tylko od ich rodzaju i zaawansowania, lecz także od polityki ośrodka transplantacyjnego oraz sytuacji klinicznej biorcy. W Europie nie ma jednolitych zaleceń dotyczących akceptacji dawców z nowotworem rozpoznanym przed i w trakcie pobierania narządów. W artykule przedstawiono rekomendacje European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM) z 2013 roku oraz stanowisko Grupy Roboczej Polskiego Towarzystwa Transplantacyjnego (GR PTT). Zaprezentowano stanowisko GR PTT w sprawie oznaczania markerów nowotworowych u potencjalnych dawców narządów oparte na powyższych rekomendacjach, rekomendacje Poltransplantu z 2009 roku oraz strategię włoskiej organizacji transplantacyjnej CNT

Mass media as a source of information about extreme natural phenomena in Southern Poland

The paper presents the preliminary results of the project entitled ‘Public attitudes and behaviours concerning extreme natural phenomena in Southern Poland’, carried out in the years 2005-2008 at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland. The aim was to study the public perception of floods, strong winds and landslides in a representative group of Polish citizens, living in rural and urban areas, who experienced the mentioned extreme phenomena and those who did not. The frequency of occurrence of extreme phenomena influences their perception, which is then reflected in people’s actions, e.g. those who experienced a few floods are much more careful about future flood predictions and undertake much more precautions to protect themselves than those who experienced only one flood event. Mass media are the preferred means of information and they play a key role in shaping the understanding of environmental problems. However, the quality of information in the media is usually rather poor and burdened with a strong negative emotional load. Keywords: extreme natural phenomena, Southern Poland, mass media, public attitud

Zasady zapobiegania przeniesieniu nowotworu złośliwego od dawcy do biorcy przeszczepu. Oznaczanie markerów nowotworowych przy kwalifikacji dawców narządów Stanowisko Grupy Roboczej Polskiego Towarzystwa Transplantacyjnego Wydanie drugie uaktualnione

Transmission of cancer from donor to organ recipient is very rare (2.2/10 000 transplants — ONT Registry, Spain; 1.3/10 000 transplants — UNOS Registry, USA), but carries serious consequences. It is therefore mandatory to evaluate the donor for the presence of cancer at the time of potential donor evaluation or in the past in order to reduce the risk of transmission of cancer cells with transplanted organ. Following general recommendations largely avoids the transfer of cancer, however each potential donor, especially elder donor requires careful evaluation in this regard. The risk of transmission depends on the type of the cancer (histological type of the tumor and its histological grading) and clinical stage (staging). For some cancers like basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous skin (SCC) organ metastasis risk is negligible, hence organs from such donors may be accepted for transplantation. For other tumors, including brain tumors donor acceptance depends not only on the type of the tumor and its severity (staging/grading) but also from the policy of transplant center and the clinical situation of the recipient. In Europe there are no uniform recommendations forthe acceptance of donors diagnosed with cancer before and during organ procurement. Below is a brief outline recommendations of European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM), Council of Europe from 2016 and the position of the Polish Transplant Society Working Group (PTS WG) on this issue. In addition we present the position of PTS WG on determination of tumor markers in potential organ donors based on above recommendations, Poltransplant Recommendation 2009, and the strategy of Italian National Transplant Registry Centre (CNT).Przeniesienie nowotworu złośliwego od dawcy do biorcy przeszczepu zdarza się bardzo rzadko (2,2/10 000 transplantacji — ONT Registry, Spain; 1,3/10 000 transplantacji — UNOS Registry, Stany Zjednoczone), niesie za sobą jednak poważne konsekwencje. Z tego względu obowiązkowa jest ocena dawcy pod kątem obecności choroby nowotworowej w czasie oceny potencjalnego dawcy lub w przeszłości w celu pomniejszenia ryzyka transmisji komórek nowotworu z przeszczepionym narządem. Przestrzeganie ogólnych zaleceń w dużej mierze pozwala uniknąć przeniesienia nowotworów, tym niemniej każdy potencjalny dawca, w tym szczególnie dawca w podeszłym wieku, wymaga wnikliwej oceny pod tym kątem. Ryzyko przeniesienia zależy od rodzaju nowotworu (typ histopatologiczny i stopień zróżnicowania histopatologicznego; grading) oraz stopnia klinicznego zaawansowania nowotworu (staging). W przypadku niektórych nowotworów, jak rak podstawnokomórkowy (BCC) i płaskonabłonkowy skóry (SCC), ryzyko przerzutów narządowych jest znikome, stąd narządy od takich dawców mogą być akceptowane do przeszczepienia. W przypadku innych nowotworów, w tym nowotworów mózgu, podejście zależy nie tylko od rodzaju nowotworu i jego zaawansowania, ale również od polityki ośrodka transplantacyjnego oraz sytuacji klinicznej biorcy. W Europie nie ma jednolitych zaleceń odnośnie do akceptacji dawców z nowotworem rozpoznanym przed i w trakcie pobierania narządów. W pracy w skrócie przedstawiono rekomendacje European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & Health Care (EDQM), Council of Europe z 2016 roku oraz stanowisko Grupy Roboczej Polskiego Towarzystwa Transplantacyjnego (GR PTT) dotyczące tego zagadnienia. Zaprezentowano ponadto stanowisko GR PTT w sprawie oznaczania markerów nowotworowych u potencjalnych dawców narządów oparte na powyższych rekomendacjach, rekomendacjach Poltransplantu z 2009 roku oraz strategię Italian National Transplant Centre Registry (CNT)

Expression of KIM-1, VEGF and bFGF in the transplanted kidney as predictive factors of kidney allograft function

Introduction: Transplantation is now a common treatment for kidney failure. However, it is associated with numerous complications, among which is rejection. Currently, factors that can predict the function of the transplanted kidney are being sought. This study aimed to investigate whether the expression of KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) assessed in the transplanted kidney before transplantation can be a predictive marker of the later function of the transplanted kidney and the occurrence of complications such as delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection (AR). Material and methods: The study group included 44 kidney allograft recipients who underwent kidney transplantation. Results: There were no statistically significant correlations between KIM-1, VEGF and bFGF gene expression in transplanted kidney biopsies and the occurrence of DGF and AR. The expression of the bFGF gene correlated significantly with the creatinine levels before and on the first day after transplantation. There were no statistically significant correlations between creatinine levels and expression of the KIM-1 and VEGF genes. There was also no statistically significant correlation between bFGF, KIM-1 and VEGF gene expression in the transplanted kidney and later eGFR and diuresis values. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between bFGF and serum potassium levels before transplantation and up to one month after transplantation. KIM-1 expression correlated significantly negatively with pre-transplant serum potassium levels. VEGF expression correlated significantly negatively with potassium levels 2 and 24 months after transplantation. Conclusions: The present results suggest that the expression of KIM-1, VEGF and bFGF assessed in the transplanted kidney before transplantation is not a significant predictor of the later function of the transplanted kidney. The expression of the bFGF gene correlates with the creatinine levels before and on the first day after transplantation. The expression of KIM-1, VEGF and bFGF may correlate with potassium serum levels

Risk Categories and Risk Management Processes in Nonprofit Organizations

The article addresses risk management in nonprofit organizations. This topical issue appears not to have been adequately studied by researchers to date. There are several questions the author of this paper attempts to answer: What are the risk categories faced by nonprofit organizations in their daily operations? Do Polish nonprofit organizations take any measures in the area of strategic risk management? A contribution is made to the theory of management of nonprofit organizations by making an overview of existing literature on the subject, identifying a research gap, proposing concepts that attempt to fill the gap, and recommending areas for future study. A comprehensive list of risks faced by nonprofit organizations in their daily operations has been developed and validated for further application. The empirical material comes from a study based on a national random sample of 235 nonprofit organizations

DISTRIBUITION OF MANHATTAN DISTANCE IN SQUARE AND TRIANGULAR LATTICES

Abstract. This paper presents exact formulas to find the number of Manhattan distances in square and triangular lattices (with the step δ = 1) as a function of number of nodes, L. In the limit of L ∞ → and δ → 0, we provide probability density functions for distances in unit squares and triangles. These formulas are useful in the fields of statistical physics and computer science

Axiological and Praxeological Dimensions of Marketing Communication Effectiveness – A Conceptual Framework

Analyzed from the sender’s perspective, marketing communications aim to engage audiences and create benefit-oriented relationships. In order to adequately assess the reciprocal efforts of the sender and receiver of the communication process, one cannot limit oneself to its purely economic analysis, but should pay attention to its broader praxeological context – take into account factors such as efficiency, effectiveness, and expediency. It is also crucial to evaluate parameters beyond the purely usability characteristics of communication practices used in the marketing aspect. Their ethical evaluation from current and potential customers, the social environment, and other stakeholders poses significant challenges for communicators but should also spur potentially beneficial transformations – toward a new view of socially engaged marketing and the ethical dimension of marketing. The purpose of this inquiry is to identify a conceptual framework for measuring the efficiency of marketing communications based on axiological and praxeological dimensions. Five research hypotheses were formulated, which can be verified in the future research

Contemporary Consumer Trends

The spread of the use of the Internet in economic and social life has undeniably contributed to the development of the digital economy. Thus, it is hard to imagine that it won’t affect consumer behavior. The primary purpose of this study is to identify current trends shaping consumer behavior. This goal was achieved primarily through a critical analysis of the literature on the subject and social phenomena. For at least the past several decades, consumerism has been a particularly important phenomenon in developed countries. In opposition to consumerism stands another trend that has been experiencing a worldwide renaissance since the 1960s—that is, minimalism. One of the important trends described in the study is the virtualization of consumption. However, the text also highlights groups of consumers who are much slower to adapt to the use of modern tools, namely the digitally excluded. An attempt was also made to characterize minimalism. Its philosophical origins are indicated, and some contemporary scientific findings are presented, the results of which may have strong relevance to business practice