Inter- and intra-observer variability in Sonographic measurements of the cross-sectional diameters and area of the umbilical cord and its vessels during pregnancy

Background. The purpose of the study was to evaluate inter- and intra-observer variability in sonographic measurements of the cross-sectional area of the umbilical cord and the diameters of its vessels in low-risk pregnancies of 12 to 40 weeks of gestation. Methods. A prospective cross sectional study was performed in 221 pregnant women at different gestational ages. Measurements were carried out also by a second observer to evaluate inter-observer variability and repeated once again by the first observer to assess intra-observer variability. The linear correlation between the measurements (Spearman's coefficient of correlation) and their reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the limits of agreement proposed by Bland and Altman were evaluated. Results. The results showed that inter-observer and intra-observer variability did not show any significant difference between examiners. A good linear correlation between the measurements and reliability was obtained, with values of R, ICC and Cronbach's alpha all above the standard limits. Conclusion. It is possible to conclude that inter- and intra-observer variability in the measurements of the umbilical cord and its vessels was small; their reliability and agreement were good. © 2008 Barbieri et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Massive intracranial immature teratoma: report of a case with polyhidramnios and intense pelvic pain Teratoma imaturo gigante intracraniano: relato de caso com poli-hidrâmnio e dor pélvica intensa

A case of massive intracranial immature teratoma in a female stillborn is reported. She was the product of the second pregnancy of a 25-year-old healthy woman. The pregnancy was unremarkable until the 25th week of gestation when the mother noticed a rapid enlargement of her abdomen and intense pelvic pain. Because of the pain, a cesarean section was indicated, and a stillborn weighing 2750g with macrocephaly was delivered. The cranial contents weighed 1350g and showed a huge tumoral mass with only a rim of normal brain. A histologic diagnosis of immature teratoma was made. Massive intracranial teratomas are rare tumors and their occurrence in intrauterine life is even rarer. Their histogenesis is unknown, and there is no explanation for their continuous growth during embryogenesis. A prenatal diagnosis of this rare condition can be made by ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging.<br>Um caso de teratoma imaturo gigante do sistema nervoso central em um natimorto é relatado. Durante a gravidez, a mãe desenvolveu poli-hidrâmnio abrupto na 25ª semana de gestação e dor pélvica intensa, que levou a indicação de cesárea. O natimorto pesava 2750g, apresentava macrocefalia evidente e o conteúdo craniano pesou 1350g. Este era representado por tecido tumoral em sua maioria e apenas uma pequena rima de tecido encefálico normal. A histologia mostrou tratar-se de um teratoma imaturo. Teratomas intracranianos gigantes congênitos são neoplasias raras, de histogênese incerta e não há explicação para o crescimento contínuo e rápido durante a vida intra-uterína. O diagnóstico pré-natal pode ser realizado por ultra-sonografia, tomografía computadorizada ou ressonância magnética