144 research outputs found

    And Yet They Move: The Impact of Direction of Deviance on Stereotype Change

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    The present dissertation investigated whether information that deviates in one or the other direction from the stereotype is processed in the same way. Research on stereotype change so far has demonstrated that stereotype-incongruent exemplars of a category typically do not change a stereotype (“subtyping”). Yet, we do not know whether this is also the case with exemplars which are more extreme than the stereotypical expectation, named supercongruent. Several studies within the present dissertation demonstrated that supercongruent exemplars are perceived as more typical than incongruent exemplars with the same amount of objective deviance from the prototype. Furthermore, supercongruent exemplars led to an assimilation of the stereotype, while incongruent exemplars by and large did not affect the stereotype

    Video Tutorial for Clinical Flap-Monitoring in Plastic Surgery

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    Free tissue transfer is a well-established technique in the field of plastic reconstructive surgery. Despite great progress being made in relation to technical issues and the anatomical understanding of free flap transfers, a loss rate of between 2% and 5% remains.1–5 The main reasons for free flap failure are vascular problems, such as vascular thrombosis (venous and arterial), arterial insufficiency, active bleeding or hematoma, and venous congestion.1–4 Many studies have demonstrated that the salvage rate for flaps is inversely related to the time between the onset of vascular compromise and surgical intervention.6,7 To guarantee an immediate reaction in case of perfusion problems in free flap surgery, a continuous and sufficient flap monitoring is indispensable. Although there are numerous techniques to assess flap vitality, clinical examination remains the gold standard.8 Besides this preferred method, a handheld and implantable Doppler, microdialysis, video-based application, real-time measurement of oxygen saturation, fluorescence angiography, spectroscopy, contrast-enhanced duplex, and activated clotting time have been proposed as alternative modalities for monitoring, though none of these has provided better results than clinical examination.9,10 The postoperative clinical examination and monitoring of flaps is frequently delegated to nurses and paramedics. Thus, there is often a high variation in skill level due to the lack of clinical experience needed to assess flap vitality.11 When asked, even young plastic surgeons often admit uncertainty when it comes to assessing postoperative flap vitality. To guarantee a high level of monitoring quality, constant training is indispensable. As mentioned above, perfusion compromise—being of arterial or venous origin—emerges rarely and is hard to include consistently within a training program. Therefore, educational material that clearly elucidates different qualities in vascular compromise in flaps is highly desirable

    Inhibition of HERG1 K+ channel protein expression decreases cell proliferation of human small cell lung cancer cells

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    HERG (human ether-à-go-go-related gene) K+ currents fulfill important ionic functions in cardiac and other excitable cells. In addition, HERG channels influence cell growth and migration in various types of tumor cells. The mechanisms underlying these functions are still not resolved. Here, we investigated the role of HERG channels for cell growth in a cell line (SW2) derived from small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a malignant variant of lung cancer. The two HERG1 isoforms (HERG1a, HERG1b) as well as HERG2 and HERG3 are expressed in SW2 cells. Inhibition of HERG currents by acute or sustained application of E-4031, a specific ERG channel blocker, depolarized SW2 cells by 10–15 mV. This result indicated that HERG K+ conductance contributes considerably to the maintenance of the resting potential of about −45 mV. Blockage of HERG channels by E-4031 for up to 72 h did not affect cell proliferation. In contrast, siRNA-induced inhibition of HERG1 protein expression decreased cell proliferation by about 50%. Reduction of HERG1 protein expression was confirmed by Western blots. HERG current was almost absent in SW2 cells transfected with siRNA against HERG1. Qualitatively similar results were obtained in three other SCLC cell lines (OH1, OH3, H82), suggesting that the HERG1 channel protein is involved in SCLC cell growth, whereas the ion-conducting function of HERG1 seems not to be important for cell growth

    Targeting ion channels for cancer treatment : current progress and future challenges

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    On the molecular architecture of Cu(I) thiolate centres in Cu-thioneins

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    Zwei mittels Festphasenpeptidsynthese hergestellte Fragmente von Hefe-MT wurden mit spektroskopischen Methoden, die RĂŒckschlĂŒsse auf die rĂ€umliche Struktur zulassen, untersucht und mit den Eigenschaften des intakten Proteins verglichen. Elektronenabsorptions-, CD- und Lumineszenzspektren der mit Cu(I) rekonstituierten Polypeptide waren nahezu identisch mit denen des isolierten intakten Hefe-MT. Die Spinsysteme in den 2D-1H-1H-NOESY-Spektren blieben durch die VerkĂŒrzung unbeeintrĂ€chtigt. Aus den NMR-Daten wurden die 3D-Strukturen des lĂ€ngeren Fragments und des intakten MT ermittelt. Die Proteinfaltung war in beiden FĂ€llen dieselbe, insbesondere die Cysteinylschwefel fanden sich an unverĂ€nderten Positionen innerhalb der jeweiligen Polypeptidmatrix wieder. Aufgrund der spektroskopischen Ähnlichkeit aller drei Spezies wurde angenommen, dass auch das kĂŒrzere Fragment die gleiche Polypeptidfaltung besitzt. Das kĂŒrzere der beiden Fragmente kristallisierte als Einkristall. Die Kristallstruktur lieferte Erkenntnisse ĂŒber die Art der Kupferkoordination in diesem Protein. Insgesamt waren 8 Cu(I) an 10 Cysteinylthiolate gebunden. WĂ€hrend 6 Cu(I) trigonale Koordinationsgeometrie besaßen, wurden zwei Cu(I) von je zwei Thiolatschwefeln koordiniert. Durch Messung der Lumineszenz-, CD- und 1H-1H-NOESY-Spektren wurde die Cu(I)-Titration der chemisch synthetisierten DomĂ€nen von Maus-MT-1 verfolgt. Lumineszenz- und CD-Daten, die zur Bewertung der ProbenprĂ€parations-bedingungen herangezogen wurden, stimmten weitgehend mit denen bereits veröffentlichter Arbeiten ĂŒberein. FĂŒr die Ausgangspunkte der Titration, Zn4-alpha-MT und Zn3-beta-MT, wurden NOESY-Spektren erhalten, die mit den publizierten Daten fĂŒr Cd7-MT ĂŒbereinstimmten. Aufgrund dessen wurde postuliert, dass die Proteinfaltung der beiden DomĂ€nen unabhĂ€ngig davon, ob Zn(II) oder Cd(II) gebunden ist, die gleiche sei. Im Fall von Zn4-alpha-MT wurde dies durch Strukturberechnungen bestĂ€tigt. Nach Zugabe von 3 Äquivalenten Cu(I) zu alpha-MT und 4 Äquivalenten zu beta-MT bildeten sich Spezies, deren NOESY-Spektren auf ordentlich gefaltete Strukturen schließen ließen. Bereits deren Spinmuster wiesen große Unterschiede zu denen von Zn3-alpha-MT und Zn4-beta-MT auf. Strukturberechnungen fĂŒr diese Spezies bestĂ€tigten jeweils eine im Cu(I)-beladenen Zustand verĂ€nderte Proteinfaltung, die auch bei gemeinsamer Inkubation von ZnxCu3-alpha-MT und ZnyCu4-beta-MT erhalten blieb. Die Zugabe von mehr als drei und vier Cu(I) zu alpha- bzw. beta-MT fĂŒhrte zum kompletten Verlust der NOESY-Signale.Two truncated forms of yeast metallothionein (MT) were prepared employing solid phase peptide synthesis. Their spectroscopic properties, including electron absorption, circular dichroism, luminescence, and 1H-NMR, were compared with those of the native protein and proofed to be virtually identical. The spin systems observed in the 2D 1H-1H-NOESY spectra remained unaffected by the shortening of the polypeptide chains. 3D structures were calculated on the basis of the NMR data for the native MT and its longer fragment confirming their structural identity. Particularly the cysteinyl sulphurs were found in unchanged positions within the polypeptide matrix. Due to the spectroscopic similarity of all three species, the shorter fragment was assumed to possess the same polypeptide folding. Single crystals of the shorter fragment were obtained. Its crystal structure provided insight into the copper co-ordination features of this protein. Altogether eight Cu(I) were bound to ten cysteinyl thiolates. Six of them were co-ordinated trigonally, the remaining two revealing a digonal binding geometry. A second project dealt with the structural consequences of Cu(I) binding to the domains of mammalian MT. Therefore, the synthetic domains of murine metallothionein-1 were titrated with Cu(I). After each step luminescence, cirular dichroism, and 1H-1H-NOESY spectra were measured. Luminescence and CD features were used to assess the conditions of sample preparation and were in good accordance with previously published data of other groups addressing Cu(I) binding to the single domains of mammalian metallothionein. The 1H-1H-NOESY spectra of the starting points, Zn4-alpha-MT and Zn3-beta-MT, aligned well with established NMR data for murine Cd7-MT. Regardless of Zn(II) or Cd(II) co-ordination to the two domains an identical protein folding was assumed. For Zn4-alpha-MT, this was further confirmed by structure calculations. The addition of three equivalents Cu(I) to alpha-MT and four equivalents Cu(I) to beta-MT led to the formation of properly folded species with NOESY spectra being significantly different to those of the corresponding starting spectra. Hence Cu(I) binding to the MT domains was expected to cause major structural changes within the MT domains. Structure calculations based on the NMR data elucidated their completely new polypeptide foldings that remained intact upon mixed incubation of ZnxCu3-alpha-MT and ZnyCu4-beta-MT. Additions of more than three and four equivalents Cu(I) to alpha- and beta-MT, respectively, led to the complete loss of NOESY signals

    Scotoma mapping by semi-automated kinetic perimetry : the effects of stimulus properties and the speed of subjects responses

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    Ziel dieser Studie an jungen, augengesunden Probanden war es, den Einfluß verschiedener StimulusgrĂ¶ĂŸen und verschiedener Stimulushelligkeiten auf die FlĂ€che des Blinden Flecks mittels halbautomatischer kinetischer Perimetrie zu evaluieren. Die FlĂ€chen wurden dabei bezĂŒglich der individuellen Reaktionszeiten korrigiert. Ebenso wurde die WiederholprĂ€zision der Meßmethode ermittelt. Methoden: Die FlĂ€che des Blinden Flecks von 18 jungen (Alter 20 bis 34 Jahre), augengesunden Probanden wurde mit Hilfe des TĂŒbingen Computer Campimeters (TCC) ermittelt und bezĂŒglich individuellen Reaktionszeiten korrigiert. Die Stimuli wurden rechnergestĂŒtzt mit einer konstanten Winkelgeschwindigkeit von 2 Grad/s auf einem kalibrierten Bildschirm mit einer konstanten Hintergrundleuchtdichte von 10 cd/mÂČ bewegt. Sie wiesen einen Durchmesser von entweder 13' oder 26' auf (entsprechend Goldmann II oder III), die Leuchtdichte des Stimulus betrug entweder 110 cd/mÂČ, 41.62 cd/mÂČ , 20 cd/mÂČ (inkrement, entsprechend Goldmann 3e, 2e, 1e) oder 0 cd/mÂČ (dekrement). Der Untersuchungsabstand betrug 50 cm. 25% aller Stimulusdarbietungen dienten der Reaktionszeiterfassung. Die Untersuchungen wurden an einem zweiten Tag innerhalb von höchstens zwei Wochen exakt wiederholt. Ergebnisse: Die FlĂ€che des Blinden Flecks unterliegt betrĂ€chtlichen inter- und auch intra-individuellen Schwankungen (individuelle FlĂ€che [Least Square Means, LSM] zwischen 17 und 49 Quadratgrad, Standardabweichung 6.8 Quadratgrad). Die FlĂ€che des Blinden Flecks wird mit abnehmendem Kontrast des Stimulus grĂ¶ĂŸer ( LSM 32, 31, 27 und 24 Quadratgrad fĂŒr Stimulusleuchtdichten 20, 0, 41.62 und 110 cd/mÂČ), der kleinere Stimulusdurchmesser ist mit grĂ¶ĂŸerer FlĂ€che vergesellschaftet ( LSM 31 gegenĂŒber 26 Quadratgrad bei 13' gegenĂŒber 26'). Die Korrektur mit den individuellen Reaktionszeiten konnte die Varianzen der FlĂ€chen erheblich vermindern: Ohne Reaktionszeitkorrektur (die korrespondierenden Werte mit Korrektur finden sich in Klammern) betrug die Standardabweichung des Residuums 4.8 (3.6) Quadratgrad, die inter-individuelle Standardabweichung 9.1 (6.8) Quadratgrad. Die Untersuchungsabfolge oder der Untersuchungstag hatten keinen Einfluß auf die FlĂ€che des Blinden Flecks, die Wiederholstandardabweichung betrug 0,1 Quadratgrad. Schlußfolgerung: Die halbautomatische kinetische Perimetrie, in diesem Fall das TCC, ist eine zuverlĂ€ssige Methode, um die GrĂ¶ĂŸe kleiner, scharf begrenzter Skotome - wie am Beispiel des Blinden Fleck exemplarisch dargestellt - zu bestimmen. Die WiederholprĂ€zision ist gut, die Korrektur mit der individuellen Reaktionszeit verringert die Streuung der Ergebnisse nochmals betrĂ€chtlich. Die Studie konnte hohe inter-individuelle Unterschiede in der GrĂ¶ĂŸe des Blinden Flecks zeigen. Interessant sind auch die unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse des Dekrement-Stimulus (0 cd/mÂČ) und des Inkrement-Stimulus (20 cd/mÂČ) mit demselben Leuchtdichteunterschied von jeweils 10 cd/mÂČ zum Hintergrund, welche vermuten lassen, daß zumindest bei kinetischer Perimetrie die angenommene (und auch in Studien bestĂ€tigte) Äquivalenz von Inkrement- und Dekrement-Stimuli mit gleichem Leuchtdichteunterschied nicht besteht.Purpose: (i) To determine the effects of various characteristics of moving stimuli on the area of the blind spot using semi-automated kinetic perimetry (SKP) and (ii) to evaluate the repeatability of this method. Methods: The area of the blind spot of 18 young normal subjects was determined by means of a video-campimetric device, the Tuebingen Computer Campimeter (TCC). Kinetic stimuli were presented for two different sizes, and at four different levels of luminance. Examinations were repeated within two weeks. Measurements were corrected by the individual reaction times, and the area of the blind spot was computed. Individual areas, effects of contrast and size and repeatability standard deviation were evaluated using an analysis of variance. Results: The area of the blind spot showed considerable inter- and intra-individual variation (least square means ranging from 17 to 49 square degrees), with a standard deviation of 6.8 square degrees. The blind spot size increased with decreasing contrast of the stimuli and appeared larger for the smaller stimulus even after correction for reaction time, which reduced random variation decisively. The sequence or the day of the examination did not affect the area of the blind spot. Repeatability standard deviation was 0.1 square degrees. Conclusions: Semi-automated kinetic perimetry is a reliable tool to determine the size of small scotomata such as the blind spot with a good repeatability under consideration of individual reaction time. This study revealed high inter-individual differences in the size of the blind spot
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