The faucial tonsil: its relation to focal infection with particular reference to cholecystitis

PART I. I have attempted to collect some information regarding the anatomy, comparative anatomy and the much discussed problem of the physiology of the tonsils.(b) Fifty extirpated tonsils were examined microscopically and an attempt made to summarise the pathology of chronic tonsillitis to exulain how the tonsil may act as a focus of infection.(c) Bacteriology of the tonsils has been worked out. Notes are added regarding the classification of streptococci and the various test<semployed in the present investigation. Charts containing complete data of 110 tonsils examined are added. Technique employed for the examination of tonsils is also described in detail.(d) Experiments with animals are also given. The lesions produced are tabulated.PART II. I have described the new method of "Tonsil Puncture ". This part also contains the chart showing the bacteriology of tonsil- puncture as applied to 14 cases of cholecystitis.(b) Animal experiments with organisms obtained by tonsil puncture are also added to this part.PART III. "Tonsil injection with streptococci". Direct tonsil injection in two dogs was carried out in order to see whether repeated attacks of tonsillitis, caused by a strain of streptococcus obtained from the wall of the gall- bladder or the cystic lymph gland of a case of chronic cholecystitis, produces any disease of the gall -bladder in these animals.PART IV. A set of experiments on three series of animals (rabbits) were carried out where in addition to the organisms a second factor of "lowered resistance" was also introduced. Streptococci were obtained from various sources, e.g. from extirpated gall -bladder or cystic lymph gland, by tonsil puncture in a case of chronic cholecystitis, from an extirpated tonsil of a case where the patient had no abdominal disorder. The animals were opened up and their gall- bladder and lesser curviture of the stomach traumatised. The object of this series was to see:-(i) Whether lowering of resistance of a particular organ alone determines the localisation of any particular organisms.(ii) Whether any particular organisms show a greater tendency to localisation in one organ more than the other, the two organs being under similar conditions.PART V. Contains a short description of the lesions produced in the animals by streptococcal injection during the course of this work.(b) A general discussion and summary is added at the end.APPENDIX. The clinical histories, and other experimental details of all the cases studied are put in the appendix in order to avoid confusion.Some of the naked -eye specimens have been reproduced in water colours. All of them were drawn and painted by the author himself. Several photographs have been added to illustrate statements made in the text

Effect of vane twist on the performance of dome swirlers for gas turbine airblast atomizers

For advanced gas turbine engines, two combustor systems, the lean premixed/prevaporized (LPP) and the rich burn/quick quench/lean burn (RQL) offer great potential for reducing NO(x) emissions. An important consideration for either concept is the development of an advanced fuel injection system that will provide a stable, efficient, and very uniform combustion system over a wide operating range. High-shear airblast fuel injectors for gas turbine combustors have exhibited superior atomization and mixing compared with pressure-atomizing fuel injectors. This improved mixing has lowered NO(x) emissions and the pattern factor, and has enabled combustors to alternate fuels while maintaining a stable, efficient combustion system. The performance of high-shear airblast fuel injectors is highly dependent on the design of the dome swirl vanes. The type of swirl vanes most widely used in gas turbine combustors are usually flat for ease of manufacture, but vanes with curvature will, in general, give superior aerodynamic performance. The design and performance of high-turning, low-loss curved dome swirl vanes with twist along the span are investigated. The twist induces a secondary vortex flow pattern which will improve the atomization of the fuel, thereby producing a more uniform fuel-air distribution. This uniform distribution will increase combustion efficiency while lowering NO(x) emissions. A systematic swirl vane design system is presented based on one-, two-, and three-dimensional flowfield calculations, with variations in vane-turning angle, rate of turning, vane solidity, and vane twist as design parameters

Assessment of depression and diabetes distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary care hospital of South India

Background: Depression is one of the many complications seen among diabetics. Depression leads to lack of self-care by the diabetic and endangers the therapeutic compliance, accounting for a derangement in metabolic control which in turn causes further diabetic complications and may even result in hospitalization. This leads to an increase in depressive symptoms and thus the vicious cycle continues.Methods: It is a Descriptive, cross sectional study conducted in the Medicine outpatient department. Depression was assessed by Hamilton depression rating scale. Diabetic distress was assessed by diabetic distress scale.Results: Out of the 250 study participants, 142 (56.8%) were found to be suffering from depression and 6 (2.4%) were found to have diabetes distress. The magnitude of depression was similar in both male and female. Depression was high among illiterates, unemployed (70%), single, separated individuals and patients with complications of diabetes. There was no significant association between religion and low economic status with depression. Treatment modalities, complications of diabetes, sociodemographic factors like age, sex, occupation, education, marital status, religion and socio-economic status had no significant correlation with diabetic distress. But there was a statistically significant association between diabetic distress and co-morbid conditions. 95.8% with depression had no distress and this association was found to be statistically significant (0.038).Conclusions: The magnitude of depression and distress is much high among diabetics. Early detection, counselling and treatment are required for all diabetics, especially those who have additional risk factors for the development of depression

Coherent interaction-free detection of microwave pulses with a superconducting circuit

We show that it is possible to ascertain the presence of a microwave pulse resonant with the second transition of a superconducting transmon circuit, while at the same time avoiding to excite the device onto the third level. In contrast to standard interaction-free measurement setups, where the dynamics involves a series of projection operations, our protocol employs a fully coherent evolution, which results, surprisingly, in a higher efficiency. Experimentally, this is done by using a series of Ramsey microwave pulses coupled into the first transition and monitoring the ground-state population.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figures. Comments are welcome

Theory of coherent interaction-free detection of pulses

Quantum physics allows an object to be detected even in the absence of photon absorption, by the use of so-called interaction-free measurements. We provide a formulation of this protocol using a three-level system, where the object to be detected is a pulse coupled resonantly into the second transition. In the original formulation of interaction-free measurements, the absorption is associated with a projection operator onto the third state. We perform an in-depth analytical and numerical analysis of the coherent protocol, where coherent interaction between the object and the detector replaces the projective operators, resulting in higher detection efficiencies. We provide approximate asymptotic analytical results to support this finding. We find that our protocol reaches the Heisenberg limit when evaluating the Fisher information at small strengths of the pulses we aim to detect -- in contrast to the projective protocol that can only reach the standard quantum limit. We also demonstrate that the coherent protocol remains remarkably robust under errors such as pulse rotation phases and strengths, the effect of relaxation rates and detunings, as well as different thermalized initial states.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figure

Non-linear IVIV characteristics in two-dimensional superconductors: Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless physics vs inhomogeneity

One of the hallmarks of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition in two-dimensional (2D) superconductors is the universal jump of the superfluid density, that can be indirectly probed via the non-linear exponent of the current-voltage $IV$ characteristics. Here, we compare the experimental measurements of $IV$ characteristics in two cases, namely NbN thin films and SrTiO$_3$-based interfaces. While the former display a paradigmatic example of BKT-like non-linear effects, the latter do not seem to justify a BKT analysis. Rather, the observed $IV$ characteristics can be well reproduced theoretically by modelling the effect of mesoscopic inhomogeneity of the superconducting state. Our results offer an alternative perspective on the spontaneous fragmentation of the superconducting background in confined 2D systems.Comment: Final version, as publishe

DSMC calculations for 70-deg blunted cone at 3.2 km/s in nitrogen

Numerical results obtained with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method are presented for Mach 15.6 nitrogen flow about a 70-deg spherically blunted cone at zero incidence. This flow condition is one of several generated in the Large Energy National Shock (LENS) tunnel during tests of a 15.24 cm diameter model with an afterbody sting. The freestream Knudsen number, based on model diameter, is 0.0023. The focus of the DSMC calculations is to characterize the near wake flow under conditions where rarefaction effects may influence afterbody aerothermal loads. This report provides information concerning computational details along with flowfield and surface quantities. Calculations show that the flow enveloping the test model is in thermal nonequilibrium and a sizable vortex develops in the near wake. Along the model baseplane the heating rates are about 0.6 percent of the forebody stagnation value while the maximum heating along the sting is about 4.2 percent of the forebody stagnation value. Comparison of a Navier-Stokes solution with the present calculations show good agreement for surface heating, pressure, and skin friction results

Direct Monte Carlo Simulations of Hypersonic Low-Density Flows about an ASTV Including Wake Structure

Results of a numerical study concerning flow past a 70-deg blunted cone in hypersonic low-density flow environments are presented using the direct simulation Monte-Carlo method. The flow conditions simulated are those that can be obtained in existing low-density hypersonic wind tunnels. Results indicate that a stable vortex forms in the near wake at and below a freestream Knudsen number (based on cone diameter) of 0.01 and the size of the vortex increases with decreasing Knudsen number. The base region of the flow remains in thermal nonequilibrium for all cases considered herein

LaScO3/SrTiO3: A conducting polar heterointerface of two 3d band insulating perovskites

This work reports a quasi-two-dimensional electron gas (q-2DEG) system at the interface of two wideband-gap insulators, (TiO2-terminated) SrTiO3 and LaScO3, with a minimum thickness of 4-unit cell (uc). The highly crystalline and abrupt heterointerface is confirmed with high-resolution electron microscopy. The mixed Ti4+ and Ti3+ valence states (for 4 uc of LaScO3) obtained from the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study suggest an intrinsic electronic reconstruction at the interface, leading to a metallic nature. This origin is well supported by density functional theory calculations that reveal an emergence of 3.3 states/eV/spin at the Fermi level for 4 uc in accordance with the polar catastrophe model. The study offers one more perovskite heterostructure, like LaAlO3/SrTiO3, for unraveling the q-2DEG phenomena toward a clear mechanism and futuristic applications