Piezometric surface deduced from vertical electrical sounding data

In hydrogeological studies the knowledge of the water table is very essential. In this work, one hundred and eight vertical electrical soundings were carried out, with the view of unravelling the hydrogeological characteristics of Kuri River Basin, Kaduna, Nigeria. The water table for eleven hand dug wells were directly measured and a comparison was made with cumulative resistivity (Σρa) plots at such well sites. The apparent resistivities were obtained using the Schlumberger electrode array configuration with a spread current electrode of 300m. The data obtained was processed using the GP Resound program. It was found that all the depths to the water table for the measured wells fell within the 3rd segment of the cumulative plots with a standard deviation of 0.04. The 3rd segment or 3rd break of the plot is considered as the zone of permanent saturation. It was on the basis of these cumulative plots that the depths to water table of all other sites sounded were deduced. By this, it is now possible to infer depths to water table from vertical electrical soundings without necessarily undergoing direct well measurements.Keywords: Water Table/Piezometric Surface, Vertical Electrical Sounding, Hydrogeology, Cumulative Resistivity Plo

Preliminary estimate of gypsum deposit based on Wenner and Schlumberger electrical resistivity methods at Ikpeshi, Edo State, Nigeria

The Wenner and Schlumberger electrical resistivity methodswere employed at spread lengths of a=1m, a=3m, a=6m and a=9m across the entire area, after which a total of twelve vertical electrical sounding (VES) points were sounded at appropriate locations with a maximum spread of 100 meters in the area at Ikpeshi, Etsako Local Government Area of Edo State,with the aim of locating and estimating the quantity of some possible deposits of gypsum. Just like any other solid mineral, it is uniquely difficult to locate gypsum in isolation, however, gypsum could possibly be found in association with some other geological formations.The common formation identified in this work was limestone, which possess a very wide range in resistivity values (1 – 104 Ω-m).The surveyed area shows the presence of some traces/crystals of gypsum at depths of between 3m and 9mand a resistivity range of 1 to 3000Ω-mspread around the investigated area. The gypsum reserve deposit was estimated to be about seventeen million tons.Keywords: Estimate for Gypsum Deposit, Wenner and Schlumberger Methods, Ikpeshi, Edo State, Nigeri

The use of energy pattern factor (EPF) in estimating wind power density

The Energy Pattern Factor (EPF) method is a less computational method of estimating the available wind power density of an area and wind speed variation account for the energy power density throughout a given period. Using the Average daily wind speed data for an 11 year period (2004-2014) obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological (NIMET) Station located around the Kaduna Airport, Mando, Kaduna. The Average Annual Energy Pattern Factor of Kaduna was estimated to be 1.03 and from the energy pattern factor, the average annual available wind power density was calculated to be 222.13 W/m2. This calculated wind power density falls within the stipulated values under wind power class 4 of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of the US Department of Energy (DOE), and is considered very adequate to drive utility sized wind turbines.Keywords: Energy Pattern Factor, Wind Speed, Wind Power Density, Utility Sized Wind Turbine

The trends in temperature and solar irradiance for Zaria, north western, Nigeria, between 1986 and 2015

This work presents a statistical analysis of the trends in temperature and solar irradiance for Zaria between 1986 and 2015, using average temperature and solar irradiance data. Analysis showed that the average monthly temperature of the first decade was hotter than that of the second decade by 1.20.% and the third decade was hotter than that of the second by 3.22%, and an increase of 2.05% in the average monthly temperature was observed between first and the third decade. The average minimum temperature of the second decade was observed to be higher than that of the first decade by 0.80% and the third decade had an increase of 1.07% over the second decade; hence, a difference of 1.87% was observed between the first decade and the third decade. Furthermore, the solar irradiance of the second decade was observed to increase by 25.69% over the first decade, while that of the third decade was observed to reduce by 17.81% over the second decade. A difference of the solar irradiance of 12.45% was observed between the first and the third decade. It was also observed that the years; 2003, 2009, 2010 and 2013 had the highest maximum annual temperature; while the years: 1993, 2006, 2009, 2010 and 2015 had highest minimum temperature. The result of the analysis shows that Zaria is gradually getting warm and the temperature rise is connected to the solar irradiance in line with the general global trend thereby leading to the global warming concept.Keywords: Trend, Temperature, Solar Irradiance, Zari

Comparison between a constructed arduino based system and Keithley SourceMeter 2400 on some electronics devices

In this paper, a portable and cost effective arduino based system has been developed which measures the properties of the Device Under Test (DUT) by passing sweeping voltage across its terminals while measuring the corresponding current flowing through it. The system generates current-voltage data of the DUT and sends to a computer system for analysis. Also a comparison between the constructed arduino based system and Keithley SourceMeter 2400 on a resistor, Light Emitting Diode and BC548 transistor is presented. The constructed arduino based system effectively measures the ohmic value of the resistor, threshold voltage of the Light Emitting Diode, and the BC548 transistor’s threshold voltage with great accuracy.Keywords: Arduino, Sweeping Voltage, Device Under Test, Current-Voltage Dat

The depth to magnetic basement and associated dykes of the Kuri River Basin, based on Werner Deconvolution Technique

A total of 62 base stations and 352 detail stations of ground magnetic data were taken in Kuri River basin of Lere-Kauru Area,Kaduna State, Central Nigeria. The data underwent the cascade method of drift correction.The corrected magnetic field values were stored against their field stations and by using the gridding method of interpolation more data points were obtained and then the interpolated data points were contoured to give the total magnetic field map. Werner Deconvolution profiles were carefully chosen and processed in order to define the magnetic basement under the profiles. The average depth to the magnetic basement in most of the profiles under the Kuri River Basin was found to be less than 0.5km. The magnetic surfaces were obtained after carrying out considerable interpretation. Of greatsignificance to this study, however, is the closeness of some depth point solutions obtained for the fairly long wavelength negative anomalies. These solutionsin the Werner Profiles are considerable and are associated with magnetic anomaly at depths of about 3km. Obviouslythese higher depths, define some intrusives considered to be associated dykes within the basement structure of the Kuri River Basin