The Rare Coincidence: Nonrecurrent Laryngeal Nerve Pointed by a Zuckerkandl's Tubercle

The safety of thyroid operations mainly depends on complete anatomical knowledge. Anatomical and embryological variations of the inferior laryngeal nerve (ILN), of the thyroid gland itself and unusual relations between ILN and the gland threaten operation security are discussed. The patient with toxic multinodular goiter is treated with total thyroidectomy. During dissection of the right lobe, the right ILN which has nonrecurrent course arising directly from cervical vagus nerve is identified and fully isolated until its laryngeal entry. At the operation, we observe bilateral Zuckerkandl's tubercles (ZTs) as posterior extension of both lateral lobes. The left ILN has usual recurrent course in the trachea-esophageal groove. The right ZT is placed between upper and middle third of the lobe points the nonrecurrent ILN. The coincidence of non-recurrent ILN pointed by a ZT is rare anatomical and embryological feature of this case. Based on anatomical and embryological variations, we suggest identification and full exposure of ILN before attempting excision of adjacent structures, like the ZT which has surgical importance for completeness of thyroidectomy

Interference Effects for Intermediate Energy Electron-Impact Ionization of H₂ and N₂ Molecules

We have studied electron impact ionization of H2 and N2 molecules at intermediate energies to look for possible two center interference effects experimentally and theoretically. Here we report a study of the interference factor I for 250 eV electron-impact ionization. The experimental measurements are performed using a crossed-beam-type electron-electron coincidence spectrometer and theoretical calculations are obtained using the Molecular Three Body Distorted Wave Approximation (M3DW). We found that the I-factor demonstrated strong evidence for two-center interference effects for both H2 and N2. We also found that the I-factor is more sensitive to projectile angular scans than to ejected electron energy scans which indicate that for the present set of kinematics the diffraction of the projectile from two scattering centers is more important than interference between electron waves emitted from two different centers

First Evidence of Interference Effects in the Ionization of N₂ Molecule

We will present an experimental and theoretical investigation of triple differential cross sections for electron- impact ionization of nitrogen molecules at intermediate energies. A discussion of interference effects contained in the theoretical and experimental interference factors will be presented

Experimental progress in simultaneous ionization-excitation processes

Mark Stevenson, Mevlut Dogan and Albert Crow

Coplanar Asymmetric Angles and Symmetric Energy Sharing Triple Differential Cross Sections for 200 EV Electron-Impact Ionization of Ar (3p)

We have measured triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) for electron-impact ionization of the 3p shell of Ar at 200 eV incident electron energy. The experiments have been performed in coplanar asymmetric energy sharing geometry. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical models of three body distorted wave (3DW) and distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA)

The Effect of Thermal Coefficients on Temperature Condition of the Blank in FE Analysis of Warm Hydro mechanical Deep Drawing Process

A challenge to conduct the most accurate FE simulations in Warm Hydromechanical Deep Drawing (WHDD) process is to predict temperature condition of the blank which was held between the heated dies and cooled punch. This is possible by knowing effects of thermal coefficients in the FE analysis of WHDD process and modeling of the heat transfer between the blank and tools accurately. In this study effects of thermal coefficients on the temperature condition of the blank in the FE analysis of WHDD to conduct accurate FE simulations of the process. So, it can be possible to predict deformation behavior of the materials accurately and determining the proper forming conditions in less time and shorting development time.&nbsp

Double Differential Cross-Sections for Electron Impact Ionization of Atoms and Molecules

The single ionizing collision between an incident electron and an atom/molecule ends up two kinds of outgoing electrons called scattered and ejected electrons. As features of electron impact ionization, these two types of electrons are indistinguishable. Double differential cross-sections (DDCS) can be obtained by measuring the energy and angular distributions of one of the two outgoing electrons with an electron analyzer. We used He, Ar, H2, and CH4 targets in order to understand the ionization mechanisms of atomic and molecular systems. We measured differential cross-sections (DCS) and double differential cross-sections at 250 eV electron impact energy. The elastic DCSs were measured for He, Ar, H2, and CH4, whereas the inelastic DCSs of He were obtained for 21P excitation level for 200 eV impact electron energy

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of (e, 2e) Ionization of Argon 3p in Asymmetric Kinematics at Intermediate Energy

The field of electron-impact ionization of atoms, or (e, 2e), has provided significant detailed information about the physics of collisions. For ionization of hydrogen and helium, essentially exact numerical methods have been developed which can correctly predict what will happen. For larger atoms, we do not have theories of comparable accuracy. Considerable attention has been given to ionization of inert gases and, of the inert gases, argon seems to be the most difficult target for theory. There have been several studies comparing experiment and perturbative theoretical approaches over the last few decades, and generally qualitative but not quantitative agreement is found for intermediate energy incident electrons. Recently a nonperturbative method, the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method, was introduced which appears to be very promising for ionization of heavier atoms. We have recently performed an experimental and theoretical investigation for ionization of argon, and we found that, although the BSR gave reasonably good agreement with experiment, there were also some cases of significant disagreement. The previous study was performed for 200-eV incident electrons and ejected electron energies of 15 and 20 eV. The purpose of the present work is to extend this study to a much larger range of ejected electron energies (15-50 eV) to see if theory gets better with increasing energy as would be expected for a perturbative calculation. The experimental results are compared with both the BSR and two different perturbative calculations

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of (e, 2e) Ionization of Argon 3p in Asymmetric Kinematics at Intermediate Energy

The field of electron-impact ionization of atoms, or (e, 2e), has provided significant detailed information about the physics of collisions. For ionization of hydrogen and helium, essentially exact numerical methods have been developed which can correctly predict what will happen. For larger atoms, we do not have theories of comparable accuracy. Considerable attention has been given to ionization of inert gases and, of the inert gases, argon seems to be the most difficult target for theory. There have been several studies comparing experiment and perturbative theoretical approaches over the last few decades, and generally qualitative but not quantitative agreement is found for intermediate energy incident electrons. Recently a nonperturbative method, the B-spline R-matrix (BSR) method, was introduced which appears to be very promising for ionization of heavier atoms. We have recently performed an experimental and theoretical investigation for ionization of argon, and we found that, although the BSR gave reasonably good agreement with experiment, there were also some cases of significant disagreement. The previous study was performed for 200-eV incident electrons and ejected electron energies of 15 and 20 eV. The purpose of the present work is to extend this study to a much larger range of ejected electron energies (15-50 eV) to see if theory gets better with increasing energy as would be expected for a perturbative calculation. The experimental results are compared with both the BSR and two different perturbative calculations

Theoretical and experimental study of (e,2e) ionization of the CO₂ (1π\u3csub\u3eg\u3c/sub\u3e) molecule at 250 eV

Triple differential cross sections (TDCSs) of the electron-impact ionization of carbon dioxide are measured in the coplanar asymmetric geometry, with incident electron energy value of 250eV, and ejected electron of 37eV. We will report the experimental results in comparison with the theoretical calculations of the M3DW and TCC (type 5) calculations