Large-scale sequencing identifies multiple genes and rare variants associated with Crohn’s disease susceptibility

peer reviewe

The Black hills.: A minute description of the routes, scenery, soil, climate, timber, gold, geology, zoology, etc..../ By Richard Irving Dodge.

Electronic text and image data. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University of Michigan, Digital Library Initiatives, 1996. Includes both TIFF files and keyword searchable text. [Making of America] This volume is made possible by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

The hunting grounds of the great West; a description of the plains, game, and Indians of the great North American desert,

New York ed. has title: The plains of the great West and their inhabitants.On cover: Dodge & Blackmore.Mode of access: Internet

Effects of Petroleum By-Products and Dispersants on Ecosystems

Gulf of Mexico ecosystems are interconnected by numerous physical and biological processes. As a result of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, some normal ecological processes including resource connectivity and trophic interactions and were damaged or broken. A considerable portion of post-DWH research has focused on higher levels of biological organization (i.e., populations, communities, and ecosystems) spanning at least four environments (onshore, coastal, open ocean, and deep benthos). Damage wrought by the oil spill and mitigation efforts varied considerably across ecosystems. Whereas all systems show prolonged impacts because of cascading effects that impacted functional connections within and between communities, deep-sea and mesopelagic environments were particularly hard hit and have shown less resilience than shallow environments. In some environments, such as marshes or the deep-sea benthos, products from the spill are still biologically accessible. Some shallow ecosystems show signs of recovery, and populations of some species show resilience; however, a return to a “pre-spill” state is questionable. Importantly, habitats in which large amounts of energy flow through the ecosystem (marshes, coastal regions) recovered more quickly than low energy habitats (deep-sea benthos). Functional interactions between Gulf of Mexico systems are more complex and widespread than generally recognized. Moreover, ecosystems in the Gulf are subject to multiple stressors that can combine to impart greater, and less predictable, impacts. To help mitigate the effects of future insults, we identify four salient areas of research that should be addressed for each of the major environments within the Gulf of Mexico: establishing monitoring systems; quantifying coupling between Gulf ecosystems; developing criteria for assessing the “vulnerability” and “resilience” of species, communities, and ecosystems; and developing holistic predictive modeling

Effects of Petroleum By-Products and Dispersants on Ecosystems

Gulf of Mexico ecosystems are interconnected by numerous physical and biological processes. As a result of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill, some normal ecological processes including resource connectivity and trophic interactions and were damaged or broken. A considerable portion of post-DWH research has focused on higher levels of biological organization (i.e., populations, communities, and ecosystems) spanning at least four environments (onshore, coastal, open ocean, and deep benthos). Damage wrought by the oil spill and mitigation efforts varied considerably across ecosystems. Whereas all systems show prolonged impacts because of cascading effects that impacted functional connections within and between communities, deep-sea and mesopelagic environments were particularly hard hit and have shown less resilience than shallow environments. In some environments, such as marshes or the deep-sea benthos, products from the spill are still biologically accessible. Some shallow ecosystems show signs of recovery, and populations of some species show resilience; however, a return to a “pre-spill” state is questionable. Importantly, habitats in which large amounts of energy flow through the ecosystem (marshes, coastal regions) recovered more quickly than low energy habitats (deep-sea benthos). Functional interactions between Gulf of Mexico systems are more complex and widespread than generally recognized. Moreover, ecosystems in the Gulf are subject to multiple stressors that can combine to impart greater, and less predictable, impacts. To help mitigate the effects of future insults, we identify four salient areas of research that should be addressed for each of the major environments within the Gulf of Mexico: establishing monitoring systems; quantifying coupling between Gulf ecosystems; developing criteria for assessing the “vulnerability” and “resilience” of species, communities, and ecosystems; and developing holistic predictive modeling

Growing the New American Economy: Public-private partnerships for the development of Transit Greenways

As the new Obama-Biden Administration begins to plan for the implementation of a stimulus plan to jump-start the economy and create new jobs by various tax cuts and spending programs, this panel of experts shows how a multimodal approach could enhance the infrastructure benefits expected from the infrastructure expenditures proposed. By proposing unique public-private partnerships in connection with new transit communities, immediate and long-term economic growth can be projected. Specific methods, applications and implications are presented and discussed, and a specific stimulus policy is recommended. Among the common themes that urban studies in America share, two are critically important. One is the need to return to denser urban planning, which contributes to economic development and commerce, while facilitating a high quality of life, social and economic integration, and environmental sensitivity. The second is the need to mitigate traffic congestion that has persisted even with the continuing expansion of the road network. Negative and destructive consequences from traffic congestion include: environmental and global weather consequences, public health threats, and productivity losses. By coordinating investments in mass transit with housing and mixed-use development at passenger rail station sites and transit stops, passenger rail and transit use will significantly increase. Only by providing for high quality pedestrian linkages to and within these new American transit communities and providing for enhanced opportunities for higher education and job training, will such communities substantially contribute in the near and long term to growth of the economy. Only with a proper concern for the impacts of such built environments, will the quality of life for residents and visitors be improved and sustainable natural environments preserved. Merely rebuilding aging bridges, rail beds, and creating new highways will not solve our mobility, energy, and economic problems. A change from past transportation and community planning is necessary and a new integration of policy, political, and implementation efforts must evolve. Public-private partnerships leverage public investment and allow market-based economics to support synergies of interest. Substantial public investments in infrastructure serve as the catalyst. By focusing on pedestrian urban mobility, education and a decision to build a globally competitive multimodal transportation system, we can move people to employment through investment in infrastructure, growth in the economy, and predictable improvements in the quality of life. The authors (26 individuals with expertise in community development, public finance, and public policy development) welcome opportunities to discuss these matters with national and state policy makers. The following article describes proposed tools for economic growth and the preferred community in the 21th Century and clearly defines these unique pedestrian-oriented, educationally enhanced transit communities. The Author Resumé Statements, Endnotes and Appendices are available from Tom Gustafson on request at: [email protected] or [email protected]