77 research outputs found
On one loop corrections in higher spin gravity
We propose an approach to compute one-loop corrections to the four-point
amplitude in the higher spin gravities that are holographically dual to free
, and vector models. We compute the double-particle cut
of one-loop diagrams by expressing them in terms of tree level four-point
amplitudes. We then discuss how the remaining contributions to the complete
one-loop diagram can be computed. With certain assumptions we find nontrivial
evidence for the shift in the identification of the bulk coupling constant and
in accordance with the previously established result for the vacuum
energy.Comment: 25 pages, several figures; few comments added, the discussion of the
incompleteness of Vasiliev equations reduced; replaced with the published
versio
Non-abelian cubic vertices for higher-spin fields in anti-de Sitter space
We use the Fradkin-Vasiliev procedure to construct the full set of
non-abelian cubic vertices for totally symmetric higher spin gauge fields in
anti-de Sitter space. The number of such vertices is given by a certain
tensor-product multiplicity. We discuss the one-to-one relation between our
result and the list of non-abelian gauge deformations in flat space obtained
elsewhere via the cohomological approach. We comment about the uniqueness of
Vasiliev's simplest higher-spin algebra in relation with the (non)associativity
properties of the gauge algebras that we classified. The gravitational
interactions for (partially)-massless (mixed)-symmetry fields are also
discussed. We also argue that those mixed-symmetry and/or partially-massless
fields that are described by one-form connections within the frame-like
approach can have nonabelian interactions among themselves and again the number
of nonabelian vertices should be given by tensor product multiplicities.Comment: 30 pages, v2: minor corrections, reference adde
On the uniqueness of higher-spin symmetries in AdS and CFT
We study the uniqueness of higher-spin algebras which are at the core of
higher-spin theories in AdS and of CFTs with exact higher-spin symmetry, i.e.
conserved tensors of rank greater than two. The Jacobi identity for the gauge
algebra is the simplest consistency test that appears at the quartic order for
a gauge theory. Similarly, the algebra of charges in a CFT must also obey the
Jacobi identity. These algebras are essentially the same. Solving the Jacobi
identity under some simplifying assumptions spelled out, we obtain that the
Eastwood-Vasiliev algebra is the unique solution for d=4 and d>6. In 5d there
is a one-parameter family of algebras that was known before. In particular, we
show that the introduction of a single higher-spin gauge field/current
automatically requires the infinite tower of higher-spin gauge fields/currents.
The result implies that from all the admissible non-Abelian cubic vertices in
AdS(d), that have been recently classified for totally symmetric higher-spin
gauge fields, only one vertex can pass the Jacobi consistency test. This cubic
vertex is associated with a gauge deformation that is the germ of the
Eastwood-Vasiliev's higher-spin algebra.Comment: 37 pages; refs added, proof of uniquiness was improve
Gapful electrons in a vortex core in granular superconductors
We calculate the quasiparticle density of states (DoS) inside the vortex core
in a granular superconductor, generalizing the classical solution applicable
for dirty superconductors. A discrete version of the Usadel equation for a
vortex is derived and solved numerically for a broad range of parameters.
Electron DoS is found to be gapful when the vortex size becomes
comparable to the distance between neighboring grains . Minigap magnitude
grows from zero at to third of superconducting gap
at . The absence of low-energy excitations is
the main ingredient needed to understand strong suppression of microwave
dissipation recently observed in a mixed state of granular Al
Instability of the Knee Joint Before and After Reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament According to the Questionnaire
Background: The instability of the knee joint after a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in recent decades has acquired the character of a meme among Russian orthopedists with a very wide use and meaning. Aim: In this study, we tried to find out how often the phenomenon of instability occurs and how it can be associated with joint injury. Methods: The method of questioning, collecting anamnesis in patients at the primary orthopedic appointment and in patients after surgical reconstruction by the method of questioning was used. Results: The data collected in 433 patients with a verified rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament showed that 77% experienced a feeling of instability in the knee joint, and 19% did not experience them at all. Arthroscopic reconstruction was performed in 297 patients, 71 of them were surveyed. The period of time from surgery to questioning was 6.5 years on average. Not all patients can note the moment of injury. Even if there was an injury to the knee joint, 10% of patients do not note the development of instability immediately after injury. The duration of the sensation of instability in the knee joint after injury varies from one week to a year or more. The very moment of joint instability is accompanied by pain in more than half of the cases. At the same time, 12% of the respondents had no pain. A third of the respondents had never noted episodes of instability in the knee joint before surgical reconstruction. But 11% had such episodes daily. In the postoperative period, 27% note the recurrence of joint instability at different times. Conclusions: Thus, an ACL tear does not equal knee instability. Instability is not a condition, but a short-term episode that occurs during the period of support and leads to buckling of the limb
Targeted training of the function of walking according to the stance and single support phase in patients in the early recovery period of cerebral stroke
Background: The phases of support and single support on a limb are significant basic parameters of walking (phase of support means the whole limb support time, while the phase of single support is when only one limb is on the ground). Both can be used as targets for biofeedback training.
Aim: to investigate the effectiveness of both target parameters for training the function of walking with biofeedback in patients in the early recovery period of cerebral stroke.
Methods: The study involved 40 patients, 20 in each group, who underwent a training course to harmonize walking: the first group for the period of support, and the second group for the period of single support. The control group of healthy people also consisted of 20 people. We studied the spatiotemporal parameters of walking at an arbitrary pace at the beginning and after the end of the training course, as well as classical clinical scales. The treadmill training consisted of 10 sessions.
Results: The clinical and biomechanical parameters of walking changed their values in the direction of a significant improvement in the performance. At the same time, the biomechanical parameters of the second group indicated a more severe functional state before the start of the treatment, with the same clinical parameters according to the Barthel scale, Rivermead Mobility Index, modified Rankin scale, rehabilitation routing scale, and manual muscle testing. In the first group, indirect data were obtained on the possible effect of the target indicator on the training and direct data on its effect on the function of a healthy limb, which also allows increasing the load on the paretic one. In the second group, there were no reliable data on the effect of biofeedback training on the functional outcome.
Conclusion: The conducted study showed that the classical clinical assessment of the patient's condition may not correspond to the instrumental functional study of walking. When using the support period as the training target parameter, indirect evidence was obtained that such a training is effective
Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π°Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²Β»
Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π₯ΠΠ‘) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΒ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΒ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π½Π°Β ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΒ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΒ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅Π³Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΠ‘) ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΠ‘). Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ» (ΠΠΠ‘). ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·Β Π‘ΠΠ‘Β β ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΒ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Β ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Ρ ΡΒ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ Π΄Ρ.). Π£Β ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π²Β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅Β ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ°Β Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Β Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ; ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²Β Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΒ Π₯ΠΠ‘ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, Π²Β ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΒ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΒ ΠΎΒ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π°Β ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
Experimental Study of Military Crawl as a Special Type of Human Quadripedal Automatic Locomotion
The biomechanics of military crawl locomotion is poorly covered in scientific literature so far. Crawl locomotion may be used as a testing procedure which allows for the detection of not only obvious, but also hidden locomotor dysfunctions. The aim of the study was to investigate the biomechanics of crawling among healthy adult participants. Eight healthy adults aged 15β31 (four women and four men) were examined by means of a 3D kinematic analysis with Optitrack optical motion-capture system which consists of 12 Flex 13 cameras. The movements of the shoulder, elbow, knee, and hip joints were recorded. A person was asked to crawl 4 m on his/her belly. The obtained results including space-time data let us characterize military crawling in terms of pelvic and lower limb motions as a movement similar to walking but at a more primitive level. Progressive and propulsive motions are characterized as normal; additional rightβleft side motionsβwith high degree of reciprocity. It was found that variability of the left-side motions is significantly lower than that of the right side (Z = 4.49, p < 0.0001). The given normative data may be used as a standard to estimate the test results for patients with various pathologies of motor control (ataxia, abasia, etc.)
Biomechanical Changes in Gait Patterns of Patients with Grade II Medial Gonarthritis
Deforming osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a progressive disease associated with pain and compromised function of the joint. Typical biomechanical modifications in the gait of subjects with medial knee OA are characterized by decreased gait speed and overload on the affected limb. The borderline stage for conservative versus surgical management is Grade II OA. The aim of this research was to study preoperatively the specific features of gait, knee, and hip function in patients with Grade II medial OA. We examined 26 patients with Grade II unilateral gonarthritis with varus deformity and 20 healthy adults. Biomechanical parameters of gait were recorded using an inertial sensor system. The gait cycle (GC) slightly increased both for the affected and for the intact limb. The hip joint movements showed significant symmetrical reduction in the first flexion amplitude, as well as a symmetrical delay in full hip extension at the end of the stance phase. In the knee, the first flexion amplitude was significantly reduced on the affected side compared to healthy control. The extension amplitude in the single support phase was significantly increased in both the affected and the intact lower limbs. The swing amplitude was significantly reduced on the affected side. On the affected side, the changes were more pronounced, both in incidence and in severity. The affected knee showed a syndrome of three reduced amplitudes. In patients, walking is characterized by several groups of symptoms: those of unloading of the affected limb, those of limiting the load on the affected joint and the musculoskeletal system as a whole, and those of gait harmonization. The symptoms of unloading the affected side and those of harmonization are the common symptoms of adaptation, typical for several pathological conditions with a relatively preserved function. The intensity of the observed symptoms can help assess changes in the subjectβs functional condition over time and during the treatment
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