Peraturan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri dalam Negeri Nomor 08 dan 09 Tahun 2006 Tentang Pendirian Rumah Ibadat (Kajian dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia )

Pundamental 1945 Constitution as the rule has been set explicitly for religious freedom in the run by followers, who belong to one human rights has, but in reality the persecution of religious life and often inevitable. Between religious persecution can come from various directions such as harassing each other, mutual intimidate(violence) and that most often occurs between religious persecution that is prihal establishment synagogue. Therefore, in terms of the establishment of the synagogue there must be government intervention to regulate it, if in this case given the freedom and without any clear rules, the sectarian conflict will not be able to avoid. One step from the government to avoid conflict in the establishment of the synagogue is to be issued the Joint Decree of the Minister of Religious Affairs and the Minister of Home Affairs Number 08 and Number 09 Year 2006 About the Construction of Houses of Worship that aims to create harmony and peace between religious and have certainty Strong law

Effect of the Cooling Rate on Dimerization of C₆₀^•– in Fullerene Salt (DMI⁺)₂·(C₆₀^•–)·{Cd(Et₂NCS₂)₂I^–}

The salt (DMI⁺)₂·(C₆₀^•–)·{Cd­(Et₂NCS₂)₂I^–} (<b>1</b>) containing fullerene radical anions, the anions of cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate iodide, and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-dimethylimidazolium cations was obtained. Fullerenes are monomeric in <b>1</b> at 250 K and form three-dimensional packing in which each fullerene has nearly tetrahedral surroundings from neighboring fullerenes. Fullerenes with a shorter interfullerene center-to-center distance of 10.031(2) Å form spiral chains arranged along the lattice <i>c</i> axis. The convolution consists of four fullerene molecules. Dimerization realized in <b>1</b> within the spiral chains below 135 K manifests a strong dependence on the cooling rate. The “frozen” monomeric phase was obtained upon instant quenching of <b>1</b>. This phase is stable below 95 K for a long time but slowly converted to the dimeric phase at <i>T</i> > 95 K. It exhibits a weak antiferromagnetic interaction of spins below 95 K (the Weiss temperature is −4 K), which results in the splitting of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal into two components below 10 K. A disordered phase containing both C₆₀^•– monomers and singly bonded (C₆₀^–)₂ dimers with approximately 0.5/0.5 occupancies is formed at an intermediate cooling rate (for 20 min). The position of each fullerene in this phase is split into three positions slightly shifted relative to each other. The central position corresponds to nonbonded fullerenes with interfullerene center-to-center distances of 9.94–10.00 Å. Two other positions are coincided to dimeric fullerenes formed with the right and left fullerene neighbors within the spiral chain. This intermediate phase is paramagnetic with nearly zero Weiss temperature due to isolation of C₆₀^•– by diamagnetic species and exhibits a strongly asymmetric EPR signal below 20 K. A diamagnetic phase containing ordered singly bonded (C₆₀^–)₂ dimers can be obtained only upon slow cooling of the crystal for 6 h

Linear Coordination Fullerene C₆₀ Polymer [{Ni(Me₃P)₂}(μ‑η²,η²‑C₆₀)]_∞ Bridged by Zerovalent Nickel Atoms

Coordination nickel-bridged fullerene polymer [{Ni­(Me₃P)₂}­(μ-η²,η²-C₆₀)]_∞ (<b>1</b>) has been obtained via reduction of a Ni^II(Me₃P)₂Cl₂ and C₆₀ mixture. Each nickel atom is linked in the polymer with two fullerene units by η²-type Ni–C­(C₆₀) bonds of 2.087(8)–2.149(8) Å length. Nickel atoms are coordinated to the 6–6 bonds of C₆₀ as well as two trimethylphosphine ligands to form a four-coordinated environment around the metal centers. Fullerene cages approach very close to each other in the polymer with a 9.693(3) Å interfullerene center-to-center distance, and two short interfullerene C–C contacts of 2.923(7) Å length are formed. Polymer chains are densely packed in a crystal with interfullerene center-to-center distances between fullerenes from neighboring polymer chains of 9.933(3) Å and multiple interfullerene C···C contacts. As a result, three-dimensional dense fullerene packing is formed in <b>1</b>. According to optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, fullerenes are neutral in <b>1</b> and nickel atoms have a zerovalent state with a diamagnetic d¹⁰ electron configuration. The density functional theory calculations prove the diamagnetic state of the polymer with a singlet–triplet gap wider than 1.37 eV

Formation of Hexagonal Fullerene Layers from Neutral and Negatively Charged Fullerenes in {(Ph₃P)₃Au⁺}₂(C₆₀^•–)₂(C₆₀)·C₆H₄Cl₂ Containing Gold Cations with the <i>C</i>_3<i>v</i> Symmetry

Fullerene salt {(Ph₃P)₃Au⁺}₂­(C₆₀^•–)₂­(C₆₀)·​C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>1</b>) containing (Ph₃P)₃­Au⁺ cations with the <i>C</i>_3<i>v</i> symmetry has been obtained as single crystals. Hexagonal corrugated fullerene layers formed in <b>1</b> alternate with the layers consisting of (Ph₃P)₃­Au⁺ and C₆H₄­Cl₂ along the <i>c</i> axis. According to IR spectra and peculiarities of the crystal structure, the charge on fullerenes in the layers is evaluated to be −1 for two and close to zero for one C₆₀. These fullerenes have different cationic surroundings, and positively charged gold atoms approach closer to C₆₀^•–. Charged and neutral fullerenes are closely packed within hexagonal layers with an interfullerene center-to-center distance of 10.02 Å and multiple short van der Waals C···C contacts. The distances between C₆₀^•– are essentially longer with an interfullerene center-to-center distance of 10.37 Å due to corrugation of the layers, and no van der Waals contacts are formed in this case. As a result, each C₆₀^•– has only three negatively charged fullerene neighbors with rather long interfullerene distances providing only weak antiferromagnetic interaction of spins in the fullerene layers with a Weiss temperature of −5 K

Synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ternary Complexes of (Me₄P⁺)·{[Fe(I)Pc(−2)]⁻}·Triptycene and (Me₄P⁺)·{[Fe(I)Pc(−2)]⁻}·(<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>′‑Tetrabenzyl‑<i>p</i>‑phenylenediamine)_0.5 with Iron(I) Phthalocyanine Anions

Ternary complexes of (Me₄P⁺)·{[Fe­(I)­Pc­(−2)]⁻}·TPC (<b>1</b>) and (Me₄P⁺)·{[Fe­(I)­Pc­(−2)]⁻}·(TBPDA)_0.5 (<b>2</b>) containing iron­(I) phthalocyanine anions, tetramethylphosphonium cations (Me₄P⁺), and neutral structure-forming triptycene (TPC) or <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′,<i>N</i>′-tetrabenzyl-<i>p</i>-phenylenediamine (TBPDA) molecules have been obtained as single crystals. In contrast to previously studied ionic compounds with monomeric [(Fe­(I)­Pc(−2)]⁻ anions, the anions form coordination {[Fe­(I)­Pc(−2)]⁻}₂ dimers both in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>, in which a nitrogen atom of one phthalocyanine anion weakly coordinates to the iron­(I) atom of neighboring [Fe­(I)­Pc(−2)]⁻. The Fe···N distances in the dimers are 3.08(1) and 3.12(1) Å in <b>1</b> at 280 K and 2.986(5) (100 K) and 3.011(5) Å (180 K) in <b>2</b>. The {[Fe­(I)­Pc(−2)]⁻}₂ dimers are packed in the layers in <b>1</b> arranged parallel to the <i>ac</i> plane and in isolated chains in <b>2</b> arranged along the <i>a</i> axis. Extended Hückel based calculation of intermolecular overlap integrals showed stronger and weaker π–π interactions within and between phthalocyanine dimers, respectively, both in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b>. EPR signals of both complexes manifest two components. An major low-field asymmetric component is attributed to the Fe­(I) atoms with the d⁷ configuration. An origin minor narrow signal with <i>g</i>-factor close to the free-electron value (<i>g</i> = 2.0018–2.0035) is assigned to partial electron density transfer from the iron­(I) center to the phthalocyanine macrocycle and the formation of the [Fe­(II)­Pc(−3)]⁻ species. Effective magnetic moments of the complexes of 1.69 (<b>1</b>) and 1.76 μ_B (<b>2</b>) correspond to the contribution of about one <i>S</i> = ¹/₂ spin per formula unit in accordance with low-spin state of [Fe­(I)­Pc(−2)]⁻. Negative Weiss temperatures of −7.6 K (<b>1</b>) and −13 K (<b>2</b>) in the 30–300 K range indicate antiferromagnetic interaction of spins in the phthalocyanine dimers. The multicomponent approach was previously proposed for the anionic fullerene complex formation. It also seems very promising to design and synthesize anionic phthalocyanine complexes with one- and two-dimensional macrocycle arrangements

Molecular Design of Anionic Phthalocyanines with π–π Stacking Columnar Arrangement. Crystal Structures, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Salts with the Iron(I) Hexadecachlorophthalocyanine Anions

Ionic compounds containing iron­(I) hexadecachlorophthalocyanine anions have been obtained for the first time as single crystals: (PPN⁺)­{[Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻} (<b>1</b>), (Ph₃MeP⁺)₂{[Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻}­(Br^–)·C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>2</b>), and (PPN⁺)₂[Fe­(I, II)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]₃⁽²⁻⁾·4C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>3</b>), where PPN⁺ is the cation of bis­(triphenylphosphoranylidene)­ammonium and Ph₃MeP⁺ is the triphenylmethylphosphonium cation. The [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ anions form closely packed π–π stacking columns in <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>. Salts <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> with integer −1 charge on iron phthalocyanines have uniform and weakly dimerized columns, respectively. Salt <b>3</b> has two cations per three iron phthalocyanine molecules which are arranged in trimers within the columns. Different shift of phthalocyanines at the same interplanar distances of 3.33–3.38 Å provides essentially shorter Fe···Fe distances in <b>3</b> (3.62–3.84 Å) than those in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> (5.07–5.45 Å). Calculations show a strong LUMO–LUMO overlapping between [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ in <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> with the overlap integrals of 4.1–7.6 × 10^–3. Weak signals attributed to the [Fe­(II)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−3)]⁻ species with the delocalization of electron on the phthalocyanine macrocycles are observed in the EPR spectra of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>. The content of this admixture is less than 1% in all salts. Nevertheless, static magnetic susceptibility measurements for <b>3</b> detected significant magnetization. The effective magnetic moment is 4.05 μ_B per formula unit at 300 K. It can originate from the spins localized on the iron atoms of [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻. The Weiss temperature of −53 K in the 60–300 K range indicates a strong antiferromagnetic interaction of spins which results in the decreases of magnetic moment of <b>3</b> with temperature below 220 K down to 2.72 μ_B at 6 K. Optical spectra of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> show bands ascribed to [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ at 339–349, 538–548, 685–691, and 805–821 nm. The bands in the NIR range at 1740–1810 nm were attributed to charge transfer excitations within phthalocyanine columns associated with the unpaired electrons on the iron atoms

Negatively Charged Iron-Bridged Fullerene Dimer {Fe(CO)₂‑μ₂‑η²,η²‑C₆₀}₂^2–

The interaction of {Cryptand(K+)}(C60•–) with Fe3(CO)12 produced {Cryptand(K+)}2{Fe(CO)2-μ2-η2,η2-C60}22–·2.5C6H4Cl2 (1) as the first negatively charged iron-bridged fullerene C60 dimer. The bridged iron atoms are coordinated to two 6–6 bonds of one C60 hexagon with short and long C(C60)–Fe bonds with average lengths of 2.042(3) and 2.088(3) Å. Fullerenes are close to each other in the dimer with a center-to-center interfullerene distance of 10.02 Å. Optical spectra support the localization of negative electron density on the Fe2(CO)4 units, which causes a 50 cm–1 shift of the CO vibration bands to smaller wavenumbers, and the C60 cages. Dimers are diamagnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance silent and have a singlet ground state resulting from the formation of an Fe–Fe bond in the dimer with a length of 2.978(4) Å. According to density functional theory calculations, the excited triplet state is higher than the ground state by 6.5 kcal/mol. Compound 1 shows a broad near-infrared band with a maximum at 970 nm, which is attributable to the charge transfer from the orbitals localized mainly on iron atoms to the C60 ligand

Molecular Design of Anionic Phthalocyanines with π–π Stacking Columnar Arrangement. Crystal Structures, Optical, and Magnetic Properties of Salts with the Iron(I) Hexadecachlorophthalocyanine Anions

Ionic compounds containing iron­(I) hexadecachlorophthalocyanine anions have been obtained for the first time as single crystals: (PPN⁺)­{[Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻} (<b>1</b>), (Ph₃MeP⁺)₂{[Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻}­(Br^–)·C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>2</b>), and (PPN⁺)₂[Fe­(I, II)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]₃⁽²⁻⁾·4C₆H₄Cl₂ (<b>3</b>), where PPN⁺ is the cation of bis­(triphenylphosphoranylidene)­ammonium and Ph₃MeP⁺ is the triphenylmethylphosphonium cation. The [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ anions form closely packed π–π stacking columns in <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>. Salts <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> with integer −1 charge on iron phthalocyanines have uniform and weakly dimerized columns, respectively. Salt <b>3</b> has two cations per three iron phthalocyanine molecules which are arranged in trimers within the columns. Different shift of phthalocyanines at the same interplanar distances of 3.33–3.38 Å provides essentially shorter Fe···Fe distances in <b>3</b> (3.62–3.84 Å) than those in <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> (5.07–5.45 Å). Calculations show a strong LUMO–LUMO overlapping between [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ in <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> with the overlap integrals of 4.1–7.6 × 10^–3. Weak signals attributed to the [Fe­(II)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−3)]⁻ species with the delocalization of electron on the phthalocyanine macrocycles are observed in the EPR spectra of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b>. The content of this admixture is less than 1% in all salts. Nevertheless, static magnetic susceptibility measurements for <b>3</b> detected significant magnetization. The effective magnetic moment is 4.05 μ_B per formula unit at 300 K. It can originate from the spins localized on the iron atoms of [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻. The Weiss temperature of −53 K in the 60–300 K range indicates a strong antiferromagnetic interaction of spins which results in the decreases of magnetic moment of <b>3</b> with temperature below 220 K down to 2.72 μ_B at 6 K. Optical spectra of <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> show bands ascribed to [Fe­(I)­Cl₁₆Pc­(−2)]⁻ at 339–349, 538–548, 685–691, and 805–821 nm. The bands in the NIR range at 1740–1810 nm were attributed to charge transfer excitations within phthalocyanine columns associated with the unpaired electrons on the iron atoms

Magnetic and Optical Properties of Layered (Me₄P⁺)[M^IVO(Pc^•3–)]^•–(TPC)_0.5·C₆H₄Cl₂ Salts (M = Ti and V) Composed of π‑Stacking Dimers of Titanyl and Vanadyl Phthalocyanine Radical Anions

Two isostructural salts with radical anions of titanyl and vanadyl phthalocyanines (Me₄P⁺)­[M^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–­(TPC)_0.5­·C₆H₄Cl₂ (M = Ti (<b>1</b>), V (<b>2</b>)), where TPC is triptycene, were obtained. These salts contain phthalocyanine layers composed of the {[M^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–}₂ dimers with strong π–π intradimer interaction. The reduction of metal phthalocyanines was centered on the Pc macrocycles providing the appearance of new bands in the near infrared range and a blue shift of Q- and Soret bands. That results in the alternation of shorter and longer C–N_imine bonds in Pc^•3–. Only one <i>S</i> = 1/2 spin is delocalized over Pc^•3– in <b>1</b> providing a χ_M<i>T</i> value of 0.364 emu K mol^–1 at 300 K. Salt <b>1</b> showed antiferromagnetic behavior approximated by the Heisenberg model for isolated pairs of antiferromagnetically interacting spins with exchange interaction of <i>J</i>/<i>k</i>_B = −123.0 K. The χ_M<i>T</i> value for <b>2</b> is equal to 0.617 emu K mol^–1 at 300 K to show the contribution of two <i>S</i> = 1/2 spins localized on V^IV and delocalized over Pc^•3–. Magnetic behavior of <b>2</b> is described by the Heisenberg model for a four-spin system with strong intermolecular coupling between Pc^•3– in {[V^IVO­(Pc^•3–)]^•–}₂ (<i>J</i>_inter/<i>k</i>_B = −105.0 K) and weaker intramolecular coupling between the V^IV and Pc^•3– (<i>J</i>_intra/<i>k</i>_B = −15.2 K)

Spin Crossover in Anionic Cobalt-Bridged Fullerene (Bu₄N⁺){Co(Ph₃P)}₂(μ₂‑Cl^–)(μ₂‑η²,η²‑C₆₀)₂ Dimers

A spin crossover phenomena is observed in an anionic (Bu₄N⁺)­{Co­(Ph₃P)}₂(μ₂-Cl^–)­(μ₂-η²,η²-C₆₀)₂·2C₆H₁₄ (<b>1</b>) complex in which two cobalt atoms bridge two fullerene molecules to form a dimer. The dimer has a triplet ground state with two weakly coupling Co⁰ atoms (<i>S</i> = 1/2). The spin transition realized above 150 K is accompanied by a cobalt-to-fullerene charge transfer that forms a quintet excited state with a high spin Co^I (<i>S</i> = 1) and C₆₀^•– (<i>S</i> = 1/2)