Carbohydrate quality of barley products with focus on β-glucan

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a high content of dietary fibre and especially of mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan). It is well documented that a high intake of dietary fibre promotes beneficial health effects e.g. lower risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. β-Glucan in oats and barley even has an approved EFSA health claim for maintaining normal blood cholesterol levels. Cereals are usually processed before consumption and it is therefore important to study not only raw materials, but also how they are affected by processing. Six barley varieties with different starch and dietary fibre content and composition were followed from kernel via sifted flour to two products: extruded breakfast cereal and bread. The starch and dietary fibre content and composition were analysed in each step to determine how processing affected each variety. The difference between kernels and sifted flour was large, as expected since the outer part of the kernel containing mostly insoluble dietary fibres was removed. The varieties were affected mostly in the same way and differences in kernels were observed also in sifted flours. Extrusion increased the extractability of arabinoxylan and β-glucan while decreasing the molecular weights and the contents. The molecular weight of arabinoxylan of one variety (SW 28708) was less affected by extrusion than the other varieties while another variety (KVL 301) had a considerably lower extractability of β-glucan in the extruded product than the other varieties. Bread baking also increased the extractability of β-glucan and arabinoxylan while decreasing the molecular weights. There was however one variety (SLU 7) that maintained a higher molecular weight of β-glucan. Since molecular weight reduction during baking is a known problem this was studied further. The β-glucanase activity was similar in sifted flour of all barley varieties, but higher for the wheat flour used in this study. This implied that differences in β-glucan breakdown depend on structure or some inhibitory factor in SLU 7. Incubation with water in 37 °C also gave lower breakdown of β-glucan in SLU 7 compared to other varieties. β-Glucan generally consists of 90% cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl units but the ratio between them was different for SLU 7 than for other varieties, which could be part of the explanation for the differences in β-glucan breakdown

Leaf blotch diseases in barley and wheat in the Nordic - Baltic region: occurrence and yield impact

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Thermodynamics of copper sulfides II. Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of synthetic covellite, CuS, from 5 to 780.5 K. Enthalpy of decomposition

The heat capacity of CuS has been measured by adiabatic shield calorimetry from 5 to 840 K. The heat capacity increases regularly up to about 750 K and then more strongly as the decomposition temperature (780.5 K) of covellite into high-digenite and sulfur is approached. The molar enthalpy and molar entropy of decomposition are 2149.3R[middle dot]K and 2.755R. Above 780.5 K the uptake of sulfur in the high-digenite causes a further rise in the heat capacity. The low-temperature values increase more strongly than expected from the Debye relation with a Debye temperature estimated from the intermediate-temperature behavior. This phenomenon as well as a small bump in the heat capacity around 55 K are discussed. The resulting molar enthalpy and molar entropy at 298.15 and 825 K are 1136.6R[middle dot]K, 8.101R, and 6744.2R[middle dot]K, 17.393R, respectively.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27002/1/0000569.pd

Thermodynamics of copper sulfides I. Heat capacity and thermodynamic properties of copper(I) sulfide, Cu2S, from 5 to 950 K

The heat capacity of Cu2S from 5 to 950 K was determined by adiabatic-shield calorimetry and the thermodynamic properties were evaluated. Transitions occur at 376 and about 710 K with [Delta]trsSm = (1.240+/-0.006)R and (0.201+/-0.006)R. Considerable hysteresis was involved in achieving equilibrium in the latter transition. At 298.15 and 950 K the values of Cp,m(T), Smo(T), and [Phi]mo(T, 0) are 9.242R, 13.987R, and 7.6121R; and 9.960R, 27.810R, and 17.875R, respectively. Subtraction of the estimated lattice heat capacity at constant pressure leaves a large excess heat capacity, especially for the fast ionic conductor [beta]-Cu2S. It is about 2.8R at 400 K and decreases gradually to 1.26R at 680 K. Its origin is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27001/1/0000568.pd

Silver(I) sulfide: Ag2S Heat capacity from 5 to 1000 K, thermodynamic properties, and transitions

The heat capacity of Ag2S has been measured by adiabatic-shield calorimetry from 5 to 1000 K. The heat capacity increases regularly up to about 445 K where the pre-transitional contribution causes rapidly rising values. The [alpha]-to-[beta] transition of Ag2S occurs in the range 449.3 to 451.3 K, depending upon previous history of the sample. The enthalpy of transition [Delta]trsHm = (4058+/-26) J[middle dot]mol-1. A slightly decreasing heat capacity is observed for [beta]-Ag2S from 88.1 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1 at 460 K to 85.0 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1 at 850 K with a minimum of 84.6 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1 at 750 K. The transition of [beta]-Ag2S to [gamma]-Ag2S occurs at about 865 K with [Delta]trsHm = (784+/-5) J[middle dot]mol-1. Thermodynamic functions have been evaluated and the values of Cp,m, "Smo(T)-Smo(0)', and -"Gmo(T)-Hmo(0)'/T at 298.15 K are 75.31, 142.89, 85.43, and at 1000 K are 80.57, 253.28, 172.77 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1, respectively. No signs of further transitions were found, either in the stoichiometric compound, or in a sample with overall composition Ag2S1.0526. Thus, the present work does not support the hypothesis of Perrott and Fletcher concerning partial disordering of stoichiometric Ag2S around 600 K as opposed to complete disordering around 450 K in the presence of excess silver or sulfur. Subtraction of the estimated lattice heat capacity at constant pressure leaves a large transitional heat capacity for [beta]-Ag2S above 450 K. It is about 11 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1 at 500 K and decreases gradually to about 6 J[middle dot]K-1[middle dot]mol-1 at 850 K. Its origin is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26409/1/0000496.pd

EMC Testutrustning för 5G produkter hos Ericsson : Omdesign och optimering utan testutrustning för radiated immunity 1-10 GHz

As demand for 5G networks increase, so does the development of network products. In-house testing is essential during the development stage as it enables faster product releases. A part of in-house testing is the product verification stage that includes electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests. These tests ensure that the equipment will not disturb or be disturbed by electric field from itself or other equipment in its vicinity. One of these tests includes function testing of the product in an incident electromagnetic field, called radiated immunity. To perform this test a certain test equipment setup is needed, consisting of a signal generator, amplifier and antenna. It is the antenna that radiates this invisible electromagnetic field that can only be measured with a field probe. Measurements have to be performed in order to define an uniform field area (UFA) in which the incident electromagnetic field is applied to the equipment under test (EUT). The purpose of the thesis is to develop the radiated immunity operation test procedures and test equipment in order for Ericsson to obtain full in-house EMC testing. Firstly, a theoretical review was conducted on EMC testing standards and procedures. Followed by a theoretical assessment of the current test equipment. Experimental measurements were conducted to validate theory and determine the optimal placement of the test equipment. The outcome of the thesis is a fully operational in house test setup for radiated immunity 1–10 GHz as well as test instructions that were written on how to perform this test. So that Ericsson can perform all EMC product verification tests during the design stage of their network products. Key words 5G, internet, network, electromagnetic compatibility, EMC, radiated immunity, test, standard, equipment