Development of the conditional moment closure method for modelling turbulent combustion

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on the in vitro growth characteristics and in vivo pathogenicity of Candida albicans in a murine model in the absence of a photosensitizer. Background data: C. albicans is an opportunistic commensal organism that causes a wide variety of diseases in human beings, ranging from superficial infections to life-threatening invasive candidiasis. The incidence of C. albicans infection is increasing, because of the greater frequency of acquired immunodeficiency conditions. A high recurrence rate has been reported for vulvovaginal and oral candidiasis, despite the best available treatments. Therefore, the search for new treatment modalities seems quite rational. Methods: Candida culture plates were exposed to common clinical energies of LLLI: 3, 5, 10, and 20 J at 685 nm (BTL Laser 5000, Medicinos Projektai, Czech Republic, Prague, max power output 50 mW) and 3, 5, 10, 30, and 50 J at 830 nm (BTL Laser 5000, Medicinos Projektai, Czech Republic, Prague, max power output 400 mW). Results: Following LLLI with energies >10 J at both 685 and 830 nm wavelengths, statistically significant effects were observed in vitro on the turbidimetric growth kinetics of C. albicans and in vivo on the survival rate of infected mice (p value </=0.05). Therefore, this energy could be considered a threshold for clinical investigation. Conclusions: Translating our data into the clinical setting, it can be proposed that a direct laser-based approach without using a photosensitizing dye can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. It can also be concluded that laser light at specific wavelengths could be a possible promising novel treatment for superficial and mucocutaneous C. albicans infections

Determination of association between the polymorphism in exon 3 of dopamine receptor gene type 4 with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

Introduction: Evidences suggest that attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a hereditary disorder and at least 20 potential genes associated with ADHD have been identified. Dopamine receptor gene type 4 (DRD4) has been more considered due to a stronger relationship with ADHD. However, no study has yet been conducted on the Iranian population to assess the association. Objective: In this study, the association between polymorphism of DRD4 gene with ADHD has been studied among capital of Iran population. Materials and methods: This study is a case-control study conducted on children aged 6�12 years with ADHD referred to child and adolescent psychiatric clinic Imam Hussein (AS) and normal subjects in 2011. Diagnosis was done based on the DSM-IV-TR criteria and interviewing by two child and adolescent psychiatrists. If parental were consent, then saliva samples of subjects were prepared and DRD4 gene and related allele were evaluated using PCR method. The K-SADS questionnaire was also used to assess comorbid disorders. Results: In this study, 114 patients in ADHD group and 109 patients in the control group were studied. The most frequency was obtained for allele 4 allele that has been observed in about 90 of both case and control groups. However, frequency of allele 6 in the case group was 8.8 where the frequency was 5 in the control group (p = 0.02). The presence of repeat of allele 6 increased chance of suffering from ADHD to 1.809 (95 equal to 3.871�0.845). Conclusion: For the first time this study showed that in Iranian population repeat of DRD4 gene allele 6 unlike the other geographic areas is relatively common and it will increase the chances of suffering from ADHD. However, additional studies are required. © 201

Analysis of Radiomodulatory Effect of Low-Level Laser Irradiation by Clonogenic Survival Assay

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the radiomoulatory effects of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) in normal and cancer cells exposed to ionizing X-ray radiation on clonogenic survival assay. Background data: LLLI does have radioprotective effects on normal tissue. LLLI can reduce the incidence of mucocutaneous complications of ionizing radiation. Few in vitro studies reported adaptive responses for LLLI to ionizing radiation in normal and cancer cells, particularly with respect to clonogenic cell survival assay. Methods: Normal NIH 3T3 cells and cancer HeLa cells were irradiated with 685 and 830 nm LLLI at different energy densities prior to ionizing X-ray radiation. The survival fraction was determined after ionizing radiation (0, 2, 4, and 6 Gy). The values of the linear (α) and quadratic (β) parameters were calculated based on the clonogenic survival curves. Results: Clonogenic radiation survival assay showed that the application of LLLI at 685 nm prior to ionizing radiation could significantly inhibit clonogenic growth of HeLa cells compared with unirradiated HeLa cells. LLLI could also significantly increase the α parameter of the linear quadratic (LQ) model. In contrast, application of LLLI at 830 nm could significantly protect NIH 3T3 cells against radiation and decreased α parameter. Conclusions: This study suggests that various physical parameters of LLLI can be diverse adaptive responses to ionizing radiation on normal and cancer cells. Copyright © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc