Hospital Wastes Water Management in Jakarta February 2006

Hospital as a health facilities, serve ambulatory and hospitalized unhealthy community. Hospital operation and services could give negatif impact in to the environment such as environmental water pollution by un fullfil of hospital wastes water standard of disposal. Objective of this research is to identify the output of hospital wastes water treatment, whether it's fulfill in the government standard. Data have been collected using observation and discusstion methode throught the personnel in charge for the hospital wastes water treatment prosess. Extended aeration process is used in orther to treat hospital wastes water. Most of the hospital effluent parameter standar have been fulfill in by the process applied (pH, BOD, COD, TSS), except for the amonia (NH4) parameter is still obove the standard. This is the lack in sludge management process. Sluged management process (digester) should be improved in other to reduce amonia in the effluent up to the standard have been set up. Such as 10% of the sluged should be return in to the aeration process and the rest should be treated in sluged treatment process.&nbsp

The Impact of Environmental Factor and Individual Characteristic on Leptospirosis Outbrreak in Jakarta, 2003-2005

Jakarta is one of the largest Cities in Indonesia where almost every year get flooding. Of course, flooding brings very bad impact for all human life aspect, which one is the incidence of various post-flood diseases. Environment changes caused by flood will increase the spreading of leptospirosis (rat urine disease). This is happen because of animal urine infected by leptospira germs are carryout by water pond and contaminate house environment. Leptospirosis problem in DKI Jakarta was always occurred in same area caused by bad environment factors, bad behavior, or individual characteristic influence. The research objective was to find out the impact of environment factor and individual characteristic on leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005. The study designed was case control study. Data are base on secondary data from Training and Education Division of Tarakan District Hospital, Jakarta and also with developed questioner for data collection. Subject cases were 190 people, whereas positive leptospirosis as cases group and negative leptospirosis respondent as control group, with 1:1 comparison. There ware significant relationship between environmental condition: house condition and settlement (OR=3,96), SPAL (OR=1,98), and characteristic individual: social economy condition (OR=1,93), knowledge (OR=17,6), and education (OR= 2,41). Multi variable analysis conclude that there are four dominant factors that affect leptospirosis which are environmental factors such as water supply (OR=4.5), house component and settlement (OR=8.2), individual characteristic: such as education  (OR=3.7), knowledge  (OR=33.1) related with leptospirosis cases in Jakarta year 2003-2005

Effect of Exposure of Toluene to Eyes and Skin on Footwear-factory Workers in Bogor, West Java

Workers in footwear factories use adhesives that contain toluene. Toluene is one of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, insoluble in water, but toluene can dissolve other substances. In this case, this research is to know toluene concentrations in the workplace, symptoms of eyes and skin irritation, to determine the relationshipbetween toluene concentrations in the workplace and eye and skin irritation. The design of this research is cross-sectional in footwear factory in Ciomas, Bogor, West Java on August till September 2017. The variables are toluene concentrations in the workplace, symptoms of eyes and skin irritation. With the amount of 40 respondents, the data is collected by questionnaire and measurement. Air samples were collectedat nine points to measure toluene concentrations in the workplace and analyzed with Gas Chromatography (GC). Data are analyzed in univariat and bivariat with 95%CI (α = 0.05). The result of analysis showed that the average toluene level in workplace is 0.9628 ppm, with a range of 0.00238–6.02806 ppm. Workers who experienced eyes irritation were 35 percent with 25 percent red eyes complaints, 27.5 percent wateryeyes, 32.5percent a foreign body sensation, 32.5 percent sore eyes, and 5 percent with eyes feeling hot. Workers who has got a skin irritation were 30 percent with 15 percent skin redness, 35 percent itchy skin, 27.5 percent dry skin, 7.5 percent cracked skin, and 5% dermatitis. There was no relation between concentration toluene inthe workplace and eye irritation complaints with p-value 0.188. Also, there was no relation between concentration toluene in the workplace and skin irritation with p-value 0.284. We hope workers use personal protective equipment such as masks and eye protection when working so as to be not exposed to toluene at workplace. Keywords: toluene, eyes irritation, skin irritation, footwear factor

Factors Involved on Vessel Sanitation in Pangkalbalam Harbor of Pangkalpinang 2005

The aim of this research was to assess the factor related to sanitation level at ship anchored in Pangkalbalam Harbor, Pangkalpinang. The design was crossectional study. The ship anchored in Pangkalbalam harbor in good sanitation level is 16,3 %, middle ship sanitation level is 18,5%, and bad ship sanitation level is almost 65.2%. This result showed that ship sanitation which anchor in Pangkalbalam harbor still low. Standard operating procedure (OR = 98,3), leadership of Captain (OR = 22,7) and time-used to improve ship sanitation (OR = 24,1) have great association to sanitation of ship anchored in Pangkalbalam Harbor. The most variable involved in improvement of ship sanitation is standard operating procedure variable with OR value is 21,01. From this result research is expected that every cargo ship anchored in Pangkalbalam port have a good standard operating procedure to guide crew how to manage ship sanitation. To control this standard operating procedure need supervising or routine observation from sanitation staff in port health office at Pangkalpinang.&nbsp

The Effect of Road Traffic Noise on Psychological Health Disorders of School Children at Cipinang Muara Elementary School, Jatinegara Sub District, East Jakarta City, DKI Jakarta Province, 2005

The traffic noise is the main issue of the community who live in urban area because it may cause an adverse human health and psychological effects. The purpose of this study is to describe the effect of road traffic noise to psychological health disorders on school children of Cipinang Muara elementary school at Jatinegara Sub District, and other risk factors such as distance, length of exposure, learning periode in school, and age. This research applied a case-control study with sample population of elementary school students from grade 4 to 6. Total samples were 240 children, including 80 cases and 160 controls. Data were collected through a multistage of random sampling. Data analysis used a computer program of univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Road traffic noise data measure in the classroom using noise logging dosimeter Q-400/500. Bivariate analysis (Chis-Square) and multiple logistic regression analysis are applied in the analysis. Bivariate analysis showed that there were a significantly effect of traffic noise, distance of seat, and length of exposure towards psychological health problems. On the other side, the length of school period and age of respondents did not have any significantly effect to the psychological health problems on the elementary school students. Multivariate analysis indicated that the elementary school students exposed to traffic noise more than 61.8 dBLAeq  in the school area having a risk of psychological health problem 10.9 higher than those who were exposed to traffic noise less than 61.8 dBLAeq,  a long with the distance variable and the length of noice exposure. It is required to socialize and apply the regulation on noise control and its impact in a consistently manner. Also, it is necessary to conduct health promotion and integrated monitoring both with inter-sector and inter-program. At last, to ensure the presence of inferential causal temporality, it is required to conduct further study with design of cohort or experimental study. This includes the increase of variable number and location of study in order to describe the real condition. &nbsp

Risk Factors of Filariasis in Jati Sampurna Village

The subdistrict Jati Sampurna is the most endemic area of filariasis in Bekasi City. This study was undertaken to get a picture of the situation and find the dominant risk factors associated with the occurrence of filariasis in the subdistrict. The research design encompasses case-study control with a total of 93 respondents. The variables studied were the physical environment in a house with six risk factors, characteristics of individuals with three risk factors, the physical environment outside the home, behavior, and the source transmitters, each of which with one risk factor. The risk factors associated with the incidence of the disease are the ceiling construction of the house, objects hanging in the house, the presence of wire screens, gender and the habit of going out at night. These four risk factors, in addition to the use of mosquito nets, is considered as the most dominant risk factors in the occurrence of filariasis in Kelurahan Jati Sampurna

The Impact of Sosiodemographic and Environmental Factor on Chikungunya Outbreaks at Cinere, Limo Sub District, Depok City in 2006

On october 2005, in Depok occured chikungunya outbreaks that attack 200 citizen at Cinere, Limo Sub District, Depok City. This study purpose is to know the impact of sosidemographic and enviromental factor on chikungunya outbreaks at Cinere, Limo Sub District, Depok City. Research design is case control study. The number of case group and control group is 118 patient. Factor studied are education, knowlwdge, house density, age, occupation, sex, mobility, anti-mosquito chemical, existance of mosquito-larva, container, and wire netting. The result of the study suggest that there are three variabels that involved in chikungunya outbreaks, namely education (OR=1,9: 1,12-3,23), age (OR= 2,1: 1,22-3,46), and house density (OR=2,2: 1,25-3,80). Multivariat analysis showed that the most dominant factors are house density, and followed by education. Probability of chikungunya outbreaks is 2,1 for low house density and low education