Supranational Diversity: Why Federal Courts Should Have Diversity Jurisdiction Over Cases Involving Supranational Organizations Like the European Union

The federal diversity statute grants alienage jurisdictionto foreign citizens and foreign statutes, allowing them to bring state-law claims against U.S. citizens in federal\u27court. When the European Community (EC), anintergovernmental organization of European states, suedan American corporation for state-law violations, for thefirst time a federal court had to determine whether the ECqualified as a foreign state. The EC argued that it wasessentially a foreign state for the purposes of alienagejurisdiction. Relying on the definition of foreign state inthe Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 (FSIA),which the diversity statute references, the courtdetermined that the EC was a supranational organizationthat was independent of its member states, yet it could notproperly be considered a foreign state.This Note argues that the definition of foreign state foralienage jurisdiction should be decoupled from the FSIA\u27sdefinition because the FSIA\u27s definition does not accountfor supranational organizations like the EC. Thedefinition of foreign state in the diversity statute shouldprovide a framework for federal courts to consider state-law claims of supranational organizations. This changewould not only effectuate the policy justifications behindalienage jurisdiction, but it would also retain thedefinition of foreign state that Congress created fordetermining foreign sovereign immunity

Realization of an all-optical zero to π cross-phase modulation jump

We report on the experimental demonstration of an all-optical π cross-phase modulation jump. By performing a preselection, an optically induced unitary transformation, and then a postselection on the polarization degree of freedom, the phase of the output beam acquires either a zero or π phase shift (with no other possible values). The postselection results in optical loss in the output beam. An input state may be chosen near the resulting phase singularity, yielding a pi phase shift even for weak interaction strengths. The scheme is experimentally demonstrated using a coherently prepared dark state in a warm atomic cesium vapor

Quantum Mutual Information Capacity for High Dimensional Entangled States

High dimensional Hilbert spaces used for quantum communication channels offer the possibility of large data transmission capabilities. We propose a method of characterizing the channel capacity of an entangled photonic state in high dimensional position and momentum bases. We use this method to measure the channel capacity of a parametric downconversion state, achieving a channel capacity over 7 bits/photon in either the position or momentum basis, by measuring in up to 576 dimensions per detector. The channel violated an entropic separability bound, suggesting the performance cannot be replicated classically.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figure

On the Significance of Absorption Features in HST/COS Data

We present empirical scaling relations for the significance of absorption features detected in medium resolution, far-UV spectra obtained with the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). These relations properly account for both the extended wings of the COS line spread function and the non-Poissonian noise properties of the data, which we characterize for the first time, and predict limiting equivalent widths that deviate from the empirical behavior by \leq 5% when the wavelength and Doppler parameter are in the ranges \lambda = 1150-1750 A and b > 10 km/s. We have tested a number of coaddition algorithms and find the noise properties of individual exposures to be closer to the Poissonian ideal than coadded data in all cases. For unresolved absorption lines, limiting equivalent widths for coadded data are 6% larger than limiting equivalent widths derived from individual exposures with the same signal-to-noise. This ratio scales with b-value for resolved absorption lines, with coadded data having a limiting equivalent width that is 25% larger than individual exposures when b \approx 150 km/s.Comment: 25 pages, 3 tables, 7 figures, accepted for publication in PAS

Comparison of two model based residual generation schemes for the purpose of fault detection and isolation applied to a pneumatic actuation system

This paper discusses research carried-out on the development and validation (on a real plant) of a parity-equation and Kalman filter based fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for a pneumatic actuator. The parity and Kalman filter equations are formulated and used to generate residuals that, in turn, are analysed to determine whether faults are present in the system. Details of the design process are given and the experimental results are compared. The results demonstrate that both approaches can successfully detect and isolate faults associated with the sensors, actuators (servo-valves and piping) and the pneumatic cylinder itself. The work is part of a BAE SYSTEMS sponsored project to demonstrate advanced control and diagnosis concepts on an industrial application

Development of a Fault Tolerant Actuation System- Modelling and Validation

It is generally accepted that incorporating so-called ‘smart’ control and monitoring technologies can improve the reliability and availability of industrial systems. ‘Smart’ control can be defined as making full use of all the measured, inferred and a priori information that is available from a system. In general terms, the idea is that system level knowledge can be developed and used to check sensors for problems, to detect and identify faults as they develop and, where appropriate, to re-configure the controller(s) to accommodate plant or sensor faults until repair can be effected. To-date success, in terms of real industrial applications of the more advanced techniques, has been limited. Hence, demonstrators are needed. The work described in this paper is part of an on going project aimed at demonstrating these “smart” concepts on a Stewart-Gough platform comprising six pneumatic actuators. To-date the research has focussed on specifying the demonstrator system and developing and validating models of the pneumatic system. This is probably the most important step in designing a fault tolerant actuation system – as the model is the foundation of the other algorithms

Model-based fault detection and control design – applied to a pneumatic Stewart-Gough platform

This paper discusses research carried-out on the development and validation of a model-based fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for a pneumatically actuated Stewart platform arrangement. The FDI scheme is based on combining parity-equation and Kalman filter based techniques. The parity and Kalman filter equations are formulated and used to generate residuals that, in turn, are analysed to determine whether faults are present in the system. Details of the design process are given and the experimental results are compared. The results demonstrate that both approaches when combined can successfully detect and isolate and in some cases accommodate faults associated with the sensors, actuators (servo-valves and piping) and the pneumatic system itself. The work is part of a BAE SYSTEMS’ sponsored project to demonstrate advanced control and diagnosis concepts on an industrial application

Application of fault detection and isolation to a pneumatic actuation system

This paper discusses research carried-out on the development and validation (on real plant) of a parity-equation based fault detection and isolation (FDI) system for a pneumatic actuator. A mechanistic model of the system is developed and validated in order to derive suitable parity equations for the pneumatic actuation system. The parity equations are then formulated and used to generate residuals that, in turn, are analysed to determine whether faults are present in the system. Details of the design process are given and the experimental results demonstrate that the approach can successfully detect and isolate faults associated with the sensors, actuators (servo-valves and piping) and the pneumatic cylinder itself. The work is part of a BAE SYSTEMS’ sponsored project to demonstrate advanced control and diagnosis concepts on a Stewart-Gough platform

Systems approach for health management design: A simple fuel system case study

This paper presents the first of two case studies conducted in 2009, to evaluate a concept for specifying and designing a Health Management System (HMS). This first case study made use of a representative Unmanned Aerial Vehicle fuel system. Conflicting information requirements relating to the health of the fuel system were defined for a given stakeholder (Fuel System Maintenance Engineer). Following a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis of the fuel system, the concept was applied under two scenarios (with and without additional sensors), to specify associated HMS designs. These two designs were then compared to consider how well each design addressed the conflicting requirements. In addition, attributes such as weight, cost and power were also associated to the underlying HMS sensors. The attribute values were aggregated to the requirements level and demonstrated a new approach to designing and evaluating alternative HMS designs. The case study demonstrated that although this was a simple evaluation, the underlying concept has shown considerabl