A framework for identifying and selecting long term adaptation policy directions for deltas

Deltas are precarious environments experiencing significant biophysical, and socio-economic changes with the ebb and flow of seasons (including with floods and drought), with infrastructural developments (such as dikes and polders), with the movement of people, and as a result of climate and environmental variability and change. Decisions are being taken about the future of deltas and about the provision of adaptation investment to enable people and the environment to respond to the changing climate and related changes. The paper presents a framework to identify options for, and trade-offs between, long term adaptation strategies in deltas. Using a three step process, we: (1) identify current policy-led adaptations actions in deltas by conducting literature searches on current observable adaptations, potential transformational adaptations and government policy; (2) develop narratives of future adaptation policy directions that take into account investment cost of adaptation and the extent to which significant policy change/political effort is required; and (3) explore trade-offs that occur within each policy direction using a subjective weighting process developed during a collaborative expert workshop. We conclude that the process of developing policy directions for adaptation can assist policy makers in scoping the spectrum of options that exist, while enabling them to consider their own willingness to make significant policy changes within the delta and to initiate transformative change.</p

Katherine Tindall Limesone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019 -2024

Water allocation plans are established under section 22B of the Water Act 1992. The Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2024 applies to part of the Daly Roper Beetaloo Water Control District. Water resource management in a water control district is to be in accordance with water allocation plans declared in respect of the district. This is the third water allocation plan for the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer. The first water allocation plan was declared in 2009. The subsequent water allocation plan was declared in 2016 and expires in August 2019. This plan will replace the 2016-2019 plan. Under the Water Act 1992, water allocation plans are able to be declared for up to ten years, and must be reviewed within five years of declaration. This plan is declared for a maximum of five years to 2024. This recognises the uncertainty associated with the non-consumptive water requirements of the plan area and the estimated sustainable yield, which will need to be refined as a matter of priority. The plan applies to the following waters: ? Groundwater discharge to surface water from the Tindall Limestone Aquifer within the catchment of the Katherine River, between the Ironwood and Wilden gauging stations on the Katherine River. ? Groundwater in the Tindall Limestone Aquifer within the catchment of the Katherine River excluding the catchments of Dry River and Durrinyan Creek. The principal objectives of the plan are to: ? Meet the environmental water requirements of water dependent ecosystems. ? Protect Aboriginal cultural values associated with water by ensuring their water requirements are met. ? Ensure security of supply for future public water supply and rural stock and domestic purposes. ? Provide access to water resources to support local Aboriginal economic development. ? Provide fair access to water to support ecologically sustainable regional economic development. ? Ensure sufficient water of appropriate quality is available to support recreation activities and community services. In determining long-term water sharing arrangements through water allocation plans, the non-consumptive water requirements need to be established. This allows for an estimated sustainable yield to be determined. The estimated sustainable yield is not a reflection of how much water would automatically be available for extraction and use every year. It is used to determine the long-term water availability in the system and whether there is capacity for new or increased water extraction. The information is used by the Controller of Water Resources in water licensing decisions. Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2024 Page 10 of 90 There is insufficient information to determine environmental and cultural water requirements in the plan area, and therefore an estimated sustainable yield of 38,391 ML per year has been adopted from the 2016-2019 water allocation plan. This was recognised as the principal component of uncertainty in the plan. Determining non-consumptive water requirements is a priority of this plan to inform a revised estimated sustainable yield. Water extraction licences have been issued in the plan area over the last ten years. As at 15 July 2019, the volume of water issued through existing water extraction licences and uses not requiring licensing was 38,628 ML per year. This is known as the water extraction limit. Actual water use in the plan area reported for 2018-19 was 11,103 ML. The system is considered over allocated as the water extraction limit is greater than the estimated sustainable yield. The plan recommends that no new water (water which was not previously subject to a water extraction licence) or returned water is granted for licensing by the Controller of Water Resources until such time that the estimated sustainable yield is updated, and the system is no longer considered to be over allocated. The plan does not have the ability to modify the volume of water granted to individual licence holders under existing water extraction licences. Water may be returned to the system through other mechanisms including voluntary surrender of water, licence renewal processes, and licence compliance activities, captured in the Management of Unused Licensed Water Entitlements policy. However, given the system is over allocated, any returned water will contribute to non-consumptive water requirements. The plan sets water management arrangements to assist in achieving identified objectives and outcomes. Water resource management arrangements identified in the plan include: ? The annual announced allocation process to determine how much water can actually be extracted from the water resource in any given year, taking into account the seasonal and climatic conditions. ? Continuation of licence security levels in accordance with the 2016-2019 plan, indicating the order in which reductions to water available are made through annual announced allocations. ? Establishing groundwater discharge protection areas to provide an additional level of protection for water dependent ecosystems and cultural water sites. ? Establishing water trading guidelines to enable access to water for development to continue in the Katherine region. ? Managing unused water in the region, which will be critical to addressing the over allocation of the system. A critical component of the plan is the adaptive management framework. The plan identifies the need for detailed monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement (MERI). This will be developed as part of plan implementation, with input from all internal and external parties involved in the plan. The plan will be implemented in accordance with the requirements of the Water Act 1992.Key points -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Title -- 1.2 Legal relevance of this Plan -- 1.3 Date of commencement -- 1.4 Period of effect -- 2 Plan context -- 2.1 Plan scope -- 2.1.1 Area and waters to which the plan applies -- 2.1.2 Beneficial uses and water quality objectives considered in the plan -- 2.1.3 Stakeholder and Community Engagement -- 3 Vision and values -- 3.1 Vision -- 3.2 Values -- 3.2.1 Values of water -- 3.2.2 Population and employment -- 3.2.3 Land tenure -- 4 Water resources -- 4.1 Climate -- 4.2 Katherine River -- 4.3 Tindall Limestone Aquifer -- 4.4 Surface and groundwater connectivity -- 4.5 Waterway and groundwater monitoring -- 4.5.1 River flow and groundwater monitoring -- 4.5.2 Water quality -- 4.5.3 Ecological and cultural value monitoring -- 4.6 Hydrologic modelling -- 5 Water requirements -- 5.1 Non-consumptive water requirements -- 5.1.1 Environmental water requirements -- 5.1.2 Cultural water requirements -- 5.2 Consumptive water requirements -- 5.2.1 Water extraction licences -- 5.2.2 Rural stock and domestic -- 5.2.3 Water use not requiring licensing -- 5.2.4 Measuring water use -- 5.2.1 Onshore petroleum -- 6 Objectives, outcomes and plan strategies -- 7 Estimated sustainable yield -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Estimated sustainable yield -- 7.3 Water extraction limits -- 7.4 Water availability -- 7.5 Allocations to beneficial uses -- 8 Water resource management arrangements -- 8.1 Annual announced allocations -- 8.1.1 Annual announced allocation accounting arrangements -- 8.2 Licence security levels -- 8.3 Groundwater discharge protection areas -- 8.4 Water extraction licensing -- 8.5 Water trading -- 8.6 Management of unused water -- 8.7 Bore work permits -- 8.8 Recharge licensing -- 8.9 Interference with a waterway -- 8.10 Water quality guidelines -- 9 Plan implementation, monitoring and review -- 9.1 Adaptive management framework -- 9.2 Implementation of the Plan -- 9.3 Plan review -- 10 Risk identification and mitigation strategies -- 10.1 Risk assignment -- 10.2 Mitigation strategies -- Schedule 1. Declaration of the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2024 -- Schedule 2. Risk definition and classification -- Schedule 3. Summary of guidance -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- References -- Tables -- Table 1. Beneficial Use classes declared for the Daly Roper Beetaloo Water Control District -- Table 2. Water extraction licensed volumes and rural stock and domestic water requirements in the Katherine plan area (as at 15 July 2019) -- Table 3. Reported water use across surface and groundwater licences from 2012/13 ? 2018/19 -- Table 4. Objectives, outcomes and strategies for managing the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer -- Table 5. Total water extraction limit in accordance with current licences and water use not requiring licensing (as at 15 July 2019) -- Table 6. Beneficial uses allocations (ML/yr) within the ESY -- Table 7. Flow information (based on modelled natural flows at Wilden) to be used in annual announced allocation determinations -- Table . Reliabilities of water extraction licences expected under the water allocation plan -- Table 9. Summary of implementation activities informed by the plan, for use in developing a detailed monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement program -- Table 10. Risk assessment and management strategies -- Figures -- Figure 1. Katherine Water Allocation Plan Location -- Figure 2. General reference map -- Figure 3. Katherine Hot Springs -- Figure 4. Katherine River at Knotts Crossing -- Figure 5. Land tenure of the plan area -- Figure 6. Geological cross-section -- Figure 7. Stylised hydrograph of a flow regime for northern Australian rivers including the Katherine River -- Figure 8. Katherine River at Nitmiluk -- Figure 9. Waterways and springs of the plan area -- Figure 10. Monitoring bores (groundwater) and river gauging (surface water) locations in the Katherine plan area -- Figure 11. Groundwater levels of four monitoring bores for the Tindall Limestone Aquifer in the Katherine plan area -- Figure 12. Measured water level and flow (river discharge measured in cumecs) for Katherine River at Ironwood and Wilden Stations -- Figure 13. Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer recharge diagram -- Figure 14. Overview of annual announced allocations process -- Figure 15. Interpretation of climatic scenarios proposed for use as part of the water allocation plan, based on 1 November natural (unimpacted) modelled flows -- Figure 16. Groundwater Discharge Protection Area -- Figure 17. Adaptive management framework diagramMade available via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT)

Oolloo Dolostone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019 ? 2029

Water allocation plans are established under section 22B of the Water Act 1992, which states (in part) that water resource management in a water control district is to be in accordance with the water allocation plan declared in respect of the district. This Draft Oolloo Dolostone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2029 applies to all groundwater within the Oolloo Dolostone Aquifer (ODA) and all surface water discharges derived from that aquifer. It provides the basis for decisions on the management of the ODA; that is it recommends allocation strategies and principles to protect the environmental and cultural values of the Daly and its tributaries, while optimising the beneficial uses of the ODA for sustainable development. The Plan?s principal objectives are to: ? protect the environmental and cultural values of the region, particularly focusing on groundwater base flows to the Daly River and other groundwater dependent ecosystems ? protect existing consumptive beneficial uses of groundwater ? enable development of the groundwater resource to realise its potential for use in the region ? communicate plan objectives, management principles and resource status ? establish a framework for learning and continuous improvement to maximise environmental, social and economic outcomes. The plan seeks to protect the unique Daly River system. Its environmental values include its diverse aquatic fauna with two nationally threatened elasmobranchs (sharks/rays/skates), nearly 100 recorded species of fish and eight of the nine species of freshwater turtle found in the NT. These rely on the unbroken dry season river flows which occur because of groundwater discharge from the ODA. Groundwater discharge occurs at distinct point source springs, broad seepage zones along the river banks and as concealed springs and seepage zones in the river bed. Maintaining these discharges and dry season flows by not extracting too much groundwater or surface water from the system is the key to their protection.Northern Territory GovernmentKey Points -- Summary -- Recognition of Traditional Ownership -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Title -- 1.2 Plan area -- 1.3 Date of effect -- 1.4 Period of effect -- 1.5 Plan context -- 1.5.1 Regional landscape and land uses -- 1.5.2 Regional economy -- 1.6 Legislative Framework -- 1.6.1 Water Act 1992 -- 1.6.2 Water allocation plans -- 1.6.3 Northern Territory Water Allocation Planning Framework -- 1.6.4 Strategic Aboriginal Water Reserve -- 1.7 Plan development pathway -- 2 Purpose and objectives -- 2.1 Purpose -- 2.2 Objectives -- 2.3 Values of the ODA -- 2.4 Beneficial uses and water quality objectives -- 3 Water resources (availability and condition) -- 3.1 Climate and rainfall -- 3.1.1 Future Climate -- 3.2 Surface water resources -- 3.2.1 Surface water quality and river health -- 3.3 Groundwater resources -- 3.3.1 Groundwater management zones -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Quality -- 3.4 Surface water groundwater connectivity -- 3.5 Hydrologic modelling -- 3.5.1 Groundwater modelling results -- 3.5.2 River flow modelling results -- 3.6 Natural Water Balance -- 4 Water uses -- 4.1 Water use overview -- 4.2 Non-consumptive use -- 4.2.1 Environmental water values and requirements -- 4.2.2 Cultural water values and requirements -- 4.3 Consumptive water values and requirements -- 4.3.1 Current consumptive water entitlements -- 4.3.2 Exemptions from licensing -- 4.3.3 Licensed extraction -- 4.3.4 Current consumptive water use -- 4.3.5 Future consumptive requirements -- 5 Estimated sustainable yield (ESY) -- 5.1 Estimated sustainable yield for the Oolloo Dolostone Aquifer -- 5.2 Allocation of water to beneficial uses -- 5.2.1 Non-consumptive beneficial uses -- 5.2.2 Water for consumptive use -- 6 Water management framework -- 6.1 Overview of plan objectives, desired outcomes, management strategies and performance indicators -- 6.2 Water accounting period -- 6.3 Protection of environmental and cultural values -- 6.3.1 Local scale environmental water ? groundwater discharge protection areas -- 6.3.2 Aboriginal cultural values -- 6.3.3 Monitoring triggers -- 6.4 Licensing and other relevant regulation, policy and procedures -- 6.4.1 Licences -- 6.4.2 Licence conditions -- 6.4.3 Licensed use from SWR allocations -- 6.4.4 Licence security levels and reliability -- 6.4.5 Annual announced allocations -- 6.4.6 Return of unused water -- 6.4.7 Bore work permits -- 6.4.8 Consideration of applications for water for non-priority consumptive beneficial uses -- 6.4.9 Water trading -- 6.4.10 Exemptions from the requirement to hold a licence -- 6.4.11 Other relevant policies -- 7 Risk identification and mitigation strategies -- 7.1 Risk and uncertainty -- 7.1.1 Climate variability and change -- 7.1.2 Land use change -- 7.1.3 Caveats or limitations on the underpinning science -- 7.1.4 Surface water extraction and other unaccounted for water use -- 7.2 Risk assignment -- 7.3 Mitigation strategies -- 8 Implementation, monitoring and review -- 8.1 Adaptive management framework -- 8.1.1 Plan review -- 8.1.2 Adaptive management framework - licensing -- 8.2 Implementation -- 8.3 Reporting -- 8.4 Evaluating achievement of plan objectives -- Schedule A: Declaration of the Oolloo Dolostone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2029 -- Schedule B: Notional allocations to SWR rights holders -- Schedule C: Risk definition and classification -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- ReferencesMade available via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT)

Jones, Maximilian

Water allocation plans are established under section 22B of the Water Act 1992. The Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer Water Allocation Plan 2019-2024 applies to part of the Daly Roper Beetaloo Water Control District. Water resource management in a water control district is to be in accordance with water allocation plans declared in respect of the district. This is the third water allocation plan for the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer. The first water allocation plan was declared in 2009. The subsequent water allocation plan was declared in 2016 and expires in August 2019. This plan will replace the 2016-2019 plan.Key points -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Title -- 1.2 Legal relevance of this Plan -- 1.3 Date of commencement -- 1.4 Period of effect -- 2 Plan context -- 2.1 Plan scope -- 2.1.1 Area and waters to which the plan applies -- 2.1.2 Beneficial uses and water quality objectives considered in the plan -- 2.1.3 Stakeholder and Community Engagement -- 3 Vision and values -- 3.1 Vision -- 3.2 Values -- 3.2.1 Values of water -- 3.2.2 Population and employment -- 3.2.3 Land tenure -- 4 Water resources -- 4.1 Climate -- 4.2 Katherine River -- 4.3 Tindall Limestone Aquifer -- 4.4 Surface and groundwater connectivity -- 4.5 Waterway and groundwater monitoring -- 4.5.2 Water quality -- 4.5.3 Ecological and cultural value monitoring -- 4.6 Hydrologic modelling -- 5 Water requirements -- 5.1 Non-consumptive water requirements -- 5.1.1 Environmental water requirements -- 5.1.2 Cultural water requirements -- 5.2 Consumptive water requirements -- 5.2.1 Water extraction licences -- 5.2.2 Rural stock and domestic -- 5.2.3 Water use not requiring licensing -- 5.2.4 Measuring water use -- 5.2.1 Onshore petroleum -- 6 Objectives, outcomes and plan strategies -- Estimated sustainable yield -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Estimated sustainable yield -- 7.3 Water extraction limits -- 7.4 Water availability -- 7.5 Allocations to beneficial uses -- 8 Water resource management arrangements -- 8.1 Annual announced allocations -- 8.1.1 Annual announced allocation accounting arrangements -- 8.2 Licence security levels -- 8.3 Groundwater discharge protection areas -- 8.4 Water extraction licensing -- 8.5 Water trading -- 8.6 Management of unused water -- 8.7 Bore work permits -- 8.8 Recharge licensing -- 8.9 Interference with a waterway -- 8.10 Water quality guidelines -- 9 Plan implementation, monitoring and review -- 9.1 Adaptive management framework -- 9.2 Implementation of the Plan -- 9.3 Plan review -- 10 Risk identification and mitigation strategies -- 10.1 Risk assignment -- 10.2 Mitigation strategies -- Schedule 1. Declaration of the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer Water -- Allocation Plan 2019-2024 -- Schedule 2. Risk definition and classification -- Schedule 3. Summary of guidance -- Glossary -- Abbreviations -- References -- Tables -- Table 1. Beneficial Use classes declared for the Daly Roper Beetaloo Water Control District -- Table 2. Water extraction licensed volumes and rural stock and domestic water requirements in the Katherine plan area (as at 15 July 2019) -- Table 3. Reported water use across surface and groundwater licences from 2012/13 ? 2018/19 -- Table 4. Objectives, outcomes and strategies for managing the Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer -- Table 5. Total water extraction limit in accordance with current licences and water use not requiring licensing (as at 15 July 2019) -- Table 6. Beneficial uses allocations (ML/yr) within the ESY -- Table 7. Flow information (based on modelled natural flows at Wilden) to be used in annual announced allocation determinations -- Table 8. Reliabilities o Water extraction licences expected under the water allocation plan -- Table 9. Summary of implementation activities informed by the plan, for use in developing a detailed monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement program -- Table 10. Risk assessment and management strategies -- Figures -- Figure 1. Katherine Water Allocation Plan Location -- Figure 2. General reference map -- Figure 3. Katherine Hot Springs -- Figure 4. Katherine River at Knotts Crossing -- Figure 5. Land tenure of the plan area -- Figure 6. Geological cross-section -- Figure 7. Stylised hydrograph of a flow regime for northern Australian rivers including the Katherine River -- Figure 8. Katherine River at Nitmiluk -- Figure 9. Waterways and springs of the plan area -- Figure 10. Monitoring bores (groundwater) and river gauging (surface water) locations in the Katherine plan area -- Figure 11. Groundwater levels of four monitoring bores for the Tindall Limestone Aquifer in the Katherine plan area -- Figure 12. Measured water level and flow (river discharge measured in cumecs) for Katherine River at Ironwood and Wilden Stations -- Figure 13. Katherine Tindall Limestone Aquifer recharge diagram -- Figure 14. Overview of annual announced allocations process -- Figure 15. Interpretation of climatic scenarios proposed for use as part of the water allocation plan, based on 1 November natural (unimpacted) modelled flows -- Figure 16. Groundwater Discharge Protection Area -- Figure 17. Adaptive management framework diagramMade available via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT)

Nguiu town borefield monitoring review 1996 - 1997

Made available by the Northern Territory Library via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT).Date:1997-0

A risk assessment of water quality pollution of Darwin Harbour using modelled catchment impacts on water quality.

A semi-quantitative risk assessment was undertaken using outputs of the WQPP-DSS for the 2050 scenario and knowledge of current water quality in conjunction with factors such as land use, point source loads, residence times and typical estuarine categories. The 2050 scenario assumed treated wastewater from urban development in the Elizabeth and Blackmore river catchments would be directed to the Palmerston treatment plant and that discharge water quality would be the equivalent to the base scenario. The risk assessment focussed on the possibility of pressure and stressor elevations occurring over a timeframe of 20 to 40 years in attempts to align with the future development (worst case scenario) outputs.Summary -- 1. Darwin Harbour -- 2. Risk Assessment of Water Pollution using WQPP-DSS -- 2.1. Catchment planning for estuary response (CAPER) -- 2.2 Limitations of model -- 3. Introduction to scenarios -- 3.1 Base case and 2050 scenario flows and loads -- 4. Summary changes in pollutant loads with scenarios -- 5. Modelled estuary nutrient response map outputs -- 5.1 Modelled base case and 2050 scenario for TN and estuary response -- 5.2 Modelled base case and 2050 scenario for TP and estuary response -- 5.3 Estuarine nutrient response -- 5.3.1 Limitations of TSS evaluation -- 6. Semi Quantitative Risk Assessment -- 7. Conclusion -- 8. References -- Appendix 1: Chronology of point and diffuse loads to Darwin Harbour (2006-2014) -- Appendix 2: Base case - estuary response --Appendix 3: 2050 Scenario estuary response -- Appendix 4. Risk assessment - List of Figures -- List of TablesThis report has been funded by the INPEX-operated Ichthys LNG Project

Public water-supply systems and associated water use in Tennessee, 1995 /

Includes bibliographical references (p. 12) and index.Mode of access: Internet

Armando Padovan

Made available by the Northern Territory Library via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT).Acknowledgments -- Summary -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- References.Date:199

Hydrology study

Made available by the Northern Territory Library via the Publications (Legal Deposit) Act 2004 (NT).prepared for Department of Lands, Planning & Environment, Water Resources Division ; prepared by Kinhill Pty LtdContents: Introduction -- Previous reports -- Data -- Frequency analysis -- Preliminary information -- Description of flooding -- Flood mechanisms -- Suggested further work -- Conclusion -- Figures."16 February 1998, DN8003-W-DO-001 Rev.A" -t.p