273 research outputs found
Characteristics of Billfish Anglers in the U.S. Atlantic Ocean
A mail survey of 1,984 U.S. billfish tournament anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, consumer's surplus, catch levels, and management preferences. A sample of 1,984 anglers was drawn from billfish tournaments in the western Atlantic Ocean (from Maine to Texas, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands) during 1989. A response rate of 61% was obtained (excluding nondeliverables). Anglers averaged 13 billfish trips per year, catching a billfish 40% of the time while 89% of billfish caught were released with <1 billfish per year per angler retained. Catch and retention rates varied by region. Expenditures averaged 262 per angler, but increased to 179,425,000 in pursuit of billfish in 1989. Anglers opposed management options that would diminish their ability to catch a billfish, but supported options limiting the number of billfish landed
Chaos, containment and change: responding to persistent offending by young people
This article reviews policy developments in Scotland concerning 'persistent young offenders' and then describes the design of a study intended to assist a local planning group in developing its response. The key findings of a review of casefiles of young people involved in persistent offending are reported. It emerges that youth crime and young people involved in offending are more complex and heterogeneous than is sometimes assumed. This, along with a review of some literature about desistance from offending, reaffirms the need for properly individualised interventions. Studies of 'desisters' suggest the centrality of effective and engaging working relationships in this process. However, these studies also re-assert the significance of the social contexts of workersâ efforts to bring 'change' out of 'chaos'. We conclude therefore that the 'new correctionalism' must be tempered with appreciation of the social exclusion of young people who offend
Watched over or over-watched? Open street CCTV in Australia
Most developed countries, Australia included, are witnessing increased government and public concerns about crime and security. Amid these anxieties, closed circuit television (CCTV) systems to monitor public spaces are increasingly being touted as a solution to problems of crime and disorder. The city of Perth established Australiaâs first open street closed circuit television system in July 1991. Subsequently, there has been significant expansion. At the end of 2002 Australia had 33 âopen streetâ CCTV schemes. Based on site inspections, extensive reviews of documentation and interviews with 22 Australian administrators, this article discusses issues relating to system implementation, management and accountability.We also suggest ways relevant authorities might ensure that current and future schemes are appropriately audited and evaluated. We argue that rigorous independent assessment of both the intended and unintended consequences of open street CCTV is essential to ensure this measure is not deployed inappropriately. Finally, this article suggests any potential crime prevention benefits must be carefully weighed against the potential of CCTV to exacerbate social division and exclusion
A preliminary fishery quality index for Portuguese streams
There is a need to quantify the multivariate quality of a recreational fishery at the site scale to
better communicate the relative quality among sites to the public and anglers. Borrowing on the general
approach of multimetric indices of biotic integrity (IBIs), we developed fishery quality indices (FQIs) from
species quality indices (SQIs) based on measures of fish abundance and size structure for northern and central
Portuguese streams. Our FQIs showed regional patterns indicating a range in fishery quality. Higher coldwater
FQI scores were mostly found in the northwestern (Minho and Lima), northeastern Douro, and northern Tagus
basins. Higher warmwater FQI scores occurred in the eastern Tagus basin. The species that contributed the
most to warmwater FQI scores were largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, pumpkinseed Lepomis
gibbosus, the cyprinid Luciobarbus bocagei, chubs Squalius carolitertii and S. pyrenaicus, and nases
Pseudochondrostoma duriense and P. polylepis. The chubs, nases, and brown trout Salmo trutta contributed
the most to coldwater FQI scores. As expected, our indices were correlated with river size and with
disturbance at the catchment, segment, and site scales. Regression models for separate coldwater and
warmwater FQIs were stronger than those for the individual SQIs and for an all-site FQI. The correlation was
positive between the coldwater FQI and a coldwater IBI but negative between the warmwater FQI and
warmwater IBIs. The proposed FQIs offer a quantitative approach for assessing relative fishery quality among
sites and for making regional assessments given an appropriate study design. The component SQIs and SQI
metrics of the FQIs can be disassociated to determine the population and species characteristics most affected
by various environmental variables
Effects of improved street lighting on crime
Improved street lighting serves many functions and is used in both public and private
settings. The prevention of personal and property crime is one of its objectives in public
space, which is the main focus of this review. There are two main theories of why
improved street lighting may cause a reduction in crime. The first suggests that improved
lighting leads to increased surveillance of potential offenders (both by improving
visibility and by increasing the number of people on the street) and hence to increased
deterrence of potential offenders. The second suggests that improved lighting signals
community investment in the area and that the area is improving, leading to increased
community pride, community cohesiveness, and informal social control. The first theory
predicts decreases in crime especially during the hours of darkness, while the second
theory predicts decreases in crime during both daytime and nighttime. Results of this
review indicate that improved street lighting significantly reduces crime. This lends
support for the continued use of improved street lighting to prevent crime in public space.
The review also found that nighttime crimes did not decrease more than daytime crimes.
This suggests that a theory of street lighting focusing on its role in increasing community
pride and informal social control may be more plausible than a theory focusing on
increased surveillance and increased deterrence. Future research should be designed to
test the main theories of the effects of improved street lighting more explicitly, and future
lighting schemes should employ high quality evaluation designs with long-term followups
- âŠ