Alterations in Sulfolipid Metabolism in Malathion-Stressed Rats

The effects of malathion stress on, inorganic sulfur metabolism in female rats were investigated by extracting macromolecules containing ester sulfate from cellular lipoprotein. Sulfolipid, mucopoly saccharide, nucleotide, and sulfate transfer fraction were extracted from the lipoprotein prepared from five to seven pooled livers from rats fed diets containing 0.42, 0.10, and 0.0002 percent sulfate. Six groups of rats (two groups per diet) were fed the diets for 21 days. Rats were given either malathion in corn oil or only corn oil by stomach tube every 24 hours for three days and were killed on day 21. Lipoprotein was isolated from liver by exhaustive salt extraction. Determination of the specific activities of the macromolecules from lipoprotein by liquid scintillation counting revealed a statistically significant increase in 35SO4= incorporation into sulfolipid of malathion-stressed rats as compared with controls fed the diet containing 0.10 percent sulfate. In general, malathion stress caused increases in specific activities of liver lipoprotein macromolecules. These increases were generally intensified by decreasing the level of dietary sulfate. An investigation was initiated in order to identify the cellular component and the mechanism causing the increased 35SO4= incorporation into sulfolipid observed in malathion-stressed rats. Total galactose, sulfate, and 35S activity were determined in liver lipoprotein sulfolipid extracted from nuclei, mitochondria, and the residue from groups of 16 and 20 pooled livers from malathion-stressed rats and controls, respectively. These rats were fed the diet containing 0.10 percent sulfate. Data indicated that nuclear sulfolipid was the component of lipoprotein most active in 35SO4= incorporation and probably was responsible for the increased 35S activity previously observed in cellular lipoprotein sulfolipid. The galactose sulfate molar ratio in cellular lipoprotein sulfolipid from the cell particulates indicated that sulfate was being mobilized from sulfolipid. Arylsulfatase activity was estimated in groups of three pooled livers from malathion-stressed rats and controls (five groups each) fed the diet containing 0. 10 percent sulfate. A statistically significant increase in arylsulfatase activity per mg of nitrogen was found in liver homogenates of malathion-stressed rats as compared with controls. This finding provided further evidence for the mobilization of sulfate from sulfolipid from malathion-stressed rats

Alterations of Sulfur Metabolism in Malathion-Treated Rats

: Abbreviated The investigation reported in this thesis was designed to study the effects of malathion administration on sulfate fixation in rats and to determine whether or not these effects are related to the level of inorganic sulfate in the diet

The Case Against Cosmology

It is argued that some of the recent claims for cosmology are grossly overblown. Cosmology rests on a very small database: it suffers from many fundamental difficulties as a science (if it is a science at all) whilst observations of distant phenomena are difficult to make and harder to interpret. It is suggested that cosmological inferences should be tentatively made and sceptically received.Comment: 9 pages, no figure

The value of coordination in a two echelon supply chain: Sharing information, policies and parameters.

We study a coordination scheme in a two echelon supply chain. It involves sharing details of replenishment rules, lead-times, demand patterns and tuning the replenishment rules to exploit the supply chain's cost structure. We examine four different coordination strategies; naïve operation, local optimisation, global optimisation and altruistic behaviour on behalf of the retailer. We assume the retailer and the manufacturer use the Order-Up-To policy to determine replenishment orders and end consumers demand is a stationary i.i.d. random variable. We derive the variance of the retailer's order rate and inventory levels and the variance of the manufacturer's order rate and inventory levels. We initially assume that costs in the supply chain are directly proportional to these variances (and later the standard deviations) and investigate the options available to the supply chain members for minimising costs. Our results show that if the retailer takes responsibility for supply chain cost reduction and acts altruistically by dampening his order variability, then the performance enhancement is robust to both the actual costs in the supply chain and to a naïve or uncooperative manufacturer. Superior performance is achievable if firms coordinate their actions and if they find ways to re-allocate the supply chain gain.Bullwhip; Global optimisation; Inventory variance; Local optimisation; Supply chains; Studies; Coordination; Supply chain; IT; Replenishment rule; Rules; Demand; Patterns; Cost; Structure; Strategy; Retailer; Policy; Order; Variance; Inventory; Costs; Options; Variability; Performance; Performance enhancement; Firms;

A MARKOV CHAIN ANALYSIS OF PORK FARM SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE SOUTH: REPLY

Livestock Production/Industries,

Nottingham Express Transit: the role of green innovation in the drive for sustainable mobility through improved public transport

Traffic congestion at peak times has long been a problem facing cities in the UK. Latterly concern about combating congestion has been hightened by concerns over carbon emissions and poor air quality. In tackling these problems green innovations incorporating new technologies appear to have much to offer, although progress in implementing these sorts of innovation appears to have been slow. This case study on the efforts of one city to tackle these problems by pioneering a number of green innovations including the introduction of a light rail system employing trams known as Nottingham Express Transit (NET) as well as electric and gas-powered buses. The nature of these innovations is explored together with a detailed examination of how they came to be implemented and the impact they have had

Dampening variability by using smoothing replenishment rules.

A major cause of supply chain deficiencies is the bullwhip effect which can be substantial even over a single echelon. This effect refers to the tendency of the variance of the replenishment orders to increase as it moves up a supply chain. Supply chain managers experience this variance amplification in both inventory levels and replenishment orders. As a result, companies face shortages or bloated inventories, run-away transportation and warehousing costs and major production adjustment costs. In this article we analyse a major cause of the bullwhip effect and suggest a remedy. We focus on a smoothing replenishment rule that is able to reduce the bullwhip effect across a single echelon. In general, dampening variability in orders may have a negative impact on customer service due to inventory variance increases. We therefore quantify the variance of the net stock and compute the required safety stock as a function of the smoothing required. Our analysis shows that bullwhip can be satisfactorily managed without unduly increasing stock levels to maintain target fill rates.Bullwhip effect; Companies; Cost; Costs; Impact; Inventory; Managers; Order; Replenishment rule; Rules; Safety stock; Supply chain; Supply chain management; Variability; Variance; Variance reduction;

The Development of Forage Nutrient Value Coefficients for Use in CARD\u27s 1985 RCA Model

After preliminary work on the livestock sector for the 1985 CARD/RCA model was completed in the summer of 1983, it was felt that one of the weaker areas in the sector was the linkage between the livestock sector and the range sector. At that time it was decided that the best way to approach this problem would be through the development of feed transfer activities. The purpose of this paper is to present a brief overview of the development of the nutrient value coefficients for net energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus supplied by grazed forages in the 31 market regions. The data developed in this paper serves as coefficients for feed transfer activities in the livestock sector of the CARD/RCA model

Towards a Classification of Charge-3 Monopoles with Symmetry

We classify all possible charge-3 monopole spectral curves with non-trivial automorphism group and within these identify those with elliptic quotients. By focussing on elliptic quotients the transcendental constraints for a monopole spectral curve become ones regarding periods of elliptic functions. We construct the Nahm data and new monopole spectral curves with $D_6$ and $V_4$ symmetry discovering a previously-unknown (to us) integrable complexification of Euler's equations. Extensions of our approach to higher charge and hyperbolic monopoles are discussed

Smooth is smart: bullwhip, inventory, fill-rates and the golden ratio.

Inventory;