Etiopathogenesis of Sheehan’s Syndrome: Roles of Coagulation Factors and TNF-Alpha

Sheehan’s Syndrome (SS) is defined as pituitary hormone deficiency due to ischemic infarction of the pituitary gland as a result of massive postpartum uterine hemorrhage. Herein, we aimed to investigate the roles of Factor II (G20210A), Factor V (G1691A), MTHFR (C677T and A1298C), PAI-1 4G/5G, and TNF-α (-308  G>A) gene polymorphisms in the etiopathogenesis of SS. Venous blood samples were obtained from 53 cases with SS and 43 healthy women. Standard methods were used to extract the genomic DNAs. Factor II (G20210A), Factor V (G1691A), and MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms were identified by real-time PCR. PAI-1 4G/5G and TNF-α (-308  G>A) gene polymorphisms were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. According to statistical analysis, none of the polymorphisms were found to be significantly higher in the SS group compared to the control group. Hence, we suggest that genetic factors other than Factor II, Factor V, MTHFR, PAI-1, and TNF-α gene polymorphisms should be researched in the etiopathogenesis of SS

Case Report Bilateral Adrenal Incidentalomas: A Rare Presentation of Lung Cancer

Adrenal incidentalomas are found incidentally during a radiologic examination performed for indications other than an adrenal disease, and 15% of them are bilateral adrenal masses. This study describes a 51-year-old male smoker patient admitted with diabetes mellitus. An abdominal ultrasonography performed due to his anemia revealed bilateral adrenal masses. His chest X-ray showed abnormal 10 cm opacity at the right upper lung, and brain, thorax, and abdomen CT scans showed multiple lesions compatible with lung cancer metastases. The pathological examination of the transthoracic lung biopsy specimen was consistent with lung adenocarcinoma. Findings in this patient indicate that, in middle aged patients with bilateral adrenal mass and a history or finding of any malignancy, the first diagnosis which should be considered is adrenal metastasis, and confirming the diagnosis by adrenal biopsy may be useless. Furthermore, screening all smoking patients by chest X-ray or thoracic CT for lung cancer may not be accepted as a routine procedure, but in smokers admitted to a hospital due to signs and symptoms attributed to a pulmonary disease, at least a chest X-ray should be requested

Evaluation of Ferric and Ferrous Iron Therapies in Women with Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Introduction. Different ferric and ferrous iron preparations can be used as oral iron supplements. Our aim was to compare the effects of oral ferric and ferrous iron therapies in women with iron deficiency anaemia. Methods. The present study included 104 women diagnosed with iron deficiency anaemia after evaluation. In the evaluations performed to detect the aetiology underlying the iron deficiency anaemia, it was found and treated. After the detection of the iron deficiency anaemia aetiology and treatment of the underlying aetiology, the ferric group consisted of 30 patients treated with oral ferric protein succinylate tablets (2 × 40 mg elemental iron/day), and the second group consisted of 34 patients treated with oral ferrous glycine sulphate tablets (2 × 40 mg elemental iron/day) for three months. In all patients, the following laboratory evaluations were performed before beginning treatment and after treatment. Results. The mean haemoglobin and haematocrit increases were 0.95 g/dL and 2.62% in the ferric group, while they were 2.25 g/dL and 5.91% in the ferrous group, respectively. A significant difference was found between the groups regarding the increase in haemoglobin and haematocrit values (P<0.05). Conclusion. Data are submitted on the good tolerability, higher efficacy, and lower cost of the ferrous preparation used in our study

The effects of metformin on endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder, which is considered not only a reproductive disease but also a metabolic disorder associated with long-term health risks. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of metformin on insulin resistance, oxidant-antioxidant status, endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism and their contribution to the risks of cardiovascular disease in women with PCOS. Fifteen women with PCOS and 17 healthy women were included in this case-control study. Nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), malondialdehyde (MDA), Apo A1, Apo B, small, dense LDL cholesterol (sdLDL-C), lipid levels and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity were measured in serum/plasma obtained from study groups. Insulin resistance (HOMA index - Homeostasis Model Assessment) and serum sex hormone profiles were also evaluated. Significantly decreased NO levels and PON1 activities, but increased MDA, ET-1 and sdLDL-C were found in PCOS patients compared to those of controls. Serum MDA, ET-1, HOMA and sdLDL-C levels decreased and PON1 activity and NO levels increased significantly after the metformin treatment. There was a positive correlation between MDA and free testosterone (fT), ET-1 and fT; and a negative correlation between PON1 activity and fT. Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress might contribute to the excess risk of cardiovascular disease reported in PCOS. Metformin seemed to decrease oxidative stress and improve insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction in PCOS patients

Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Üretim Sistemlerindeki Değişimin Mimari Üretim Ortamında Kullanıcının Dönüşümüne Etkisi

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Öz&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mimari üretimin öznesi olan kullanıcının yeri, tarihsel süreç içerisinde üretim sistemlerindeki değişim ile dönüşüm geçirmiştir. Endüstri Devrimi ile gelişen fordist üretim sisteminin kitlesel üretim ve standardizasyon kavramlarını ortaya çıkarmasıyla kullanıcı; yaşadığı mekânı üretmekten uzaklaştırılarak ötekileştirilmiş ve standart bir veri olarak ele alınmıştır. Fakat 1970'lerde fordist üretim sisteminin eleştirilmesiyle kullanıcının yeri sorgulanmış, kitleden ziyade bireyselliğin ön plana çıkmasıyla kullanıcının ve mimarın rolü değişmiştir. Mimari üretim ortamında yaşanan bu kırılma kitlesel bireyselleştirme kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada her dönemde farklı anlamlar taşıyan bir üretim bileşeni olarak kullanıcının mimari üretimde tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşanan kırılmalar ile yerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Kullanıcı odaklı üretim sisteminin hâkim olduğu günümüzde kullanıcının yerini değerlendirmek amacıyla aktif olarak mimari üretimde bulunan mimarlar ile anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Yapılan anket sonucunda mimari mekanların öznesi olan kullanıcının; mimari üretim sürecinin merkezinde yer alarak daha iyiyi talep eden ve değişen tüketici kimliği ile mimari üretimde etkin rol oynayan bireyselleşen kullanıcılara dönüştüğüne ulaşılmıştır.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Anahtar Kelimeler:&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;Endüstri Devrimi, Kitlesel Üretim, Kitlesel Bireyselleştirme, Kullanıcı, Mimari Üretim.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Effect of Change in Production Systems in the Historical Process on the Transformation of the User in the Architectural Production Environment&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Abstract&nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;The place of the user, who is the subject of architectural production, has been transformed with the change in production systems throughout the historical process. With the Fordist production system, which developed with the Industrial Revolution, revealing the concepts of mass production and standardization, the user; They have been alienated from producing the space they live in and treated as standard data. However, in the 1970s, with the criticism of the Fordist production system, the place of the user was questioned, and the role of the user and the architect changed as individuality rather than the mass came to the fore. This break in the architectural production environment has revealed the concept of mass individualization. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the place of the user, as a production component that carries different meanings in each period, with the breaks experienced in the historical process in architectural production. In order to evaluate the place of the user in today's world where the user-oriented production system dominates, a survey was conducted with architects who are actively engaged in architectural production. As a result of the survey, the user who is the subject of architectural spaces; It has been found that they have become individualized users who demand better by being at the center of the architectural production process and playing an active role in architectural production with their changing consumer identity.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Keywords:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/i&gt; Industrial Revolution, Mass Production, Mass Customization, User, Architectural Production.&lt;/p&gt