839 research outputs found

    Etude de l’activitĂ© antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Vitex doniana (Verbenacea)

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    L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer l’activitĂ© antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Vitex doniana par spectrophotomĂ©trie en utilisant les mĂ©thodes de piĂ©geage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphĂ©nyl-1- picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH‱) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-Ă©thylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonique) (ABTS+‱). Une extraction Ă©thanolique des feuilles de Vitex doniana a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e au Soxhlet. L’extrait sec recueilli a Ă©té redissout dans de l’eau puis fractionnĂ© en utilisant successivement de l’hexane, du dichloromĂ©thane et de l’acĂ©tate d’éthyle. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s antioxydantes de l’extrait Ă©thanolique et celles de ses diffĂ©rentes fractions ont étĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es aux concentrations de 2,5 ; 10 ; 100 et 200 ÎŒg/mL. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesurĂ©. L’extrait Ă©thanolique et ses diffĂ©rentes fractions ont prĂ©sentĂ© une activitĂ© de piĂ©geage des deux radicaux libres. Lors des tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH‱, les PI ont variĂ© de (18,15±0,01)% pour la fraction hexanique (2,5 ÎŒg/mL) Ă  (92,45±0,01)% pour la fraction d’acĂ©tate d’éthyle (100 ÎŒg/mL). Avec le radical ABTS+‱, les PI ont variĂ© de (52,76±0,05)% pour la fraction hexanique (2,5 ÎŒg/mL) Ă  (98,27±0,12)% pour la fraction d’acĂ©tate d’éthyle (100 ÎŒg/mL). Ainsi, l’extrait Ă©thanolique des feuilles de Vitex doniana et ses diffĂ©rentes fractions possĂšdent un pouvoir antioxydant significatif.Mots clĂ©s : ActivitĂ© antioxydante, DPPH, ABTS, Vitex doniana

    Development and validation of a simple and economical spectrofluorimetric method for estimation of quinine in pharmaceutical dosage forms

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    A new simple, sensitive, precise, economic and “green” spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of quinine both as a bulk drug and in tablet formulations was developed and validated using water as solvent. At a predetermined excitation wavelength (330 nm) and emission wavelength (380 nm), it was proved linear in the concentration range of 50-500 ng/mL, exhibited good correlation coefficient (R2= 0.999) and excellent mean recovery (97.5-103%). The results of the recovery studies showed that the method was not affected by the presence of common excipients. The method was applied for the analysis of the drug in the pure, tablet and injectable forms. The method was validated for precision, accuracy and recovery studies. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification for quinine were found to be 16.6 ng/mL and 19.8 ng/mL respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the analysis of marketed formulations available in Senegal. © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Spectrofluorometric analysis, validation, quinine, green method

    Effect of Deep-Fat Frying on Chemical Properties of Edible Vegetable Oils Used By Senegalese Households

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    Deep-fat frying performed at high temperatures under atmospheric pressure is a common method of preparing dishes in Senegalese culinary practices. This operation can lead to deterioration of physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory properties of oil, which affects its frying performance. It also results in the production of volatile products such as aldehydes and non volatile fraction which remains in the frying medium. Some of these remaining products have been implicated in producing adverse health effects. Highly oxidized oils may also produce polyaromatic hydrocarbons, which have carcinogenic effect. This work was intended to evaluate the effect of frying on chemical properties of edible vegetable oils. Frying process was applied to meat, fish and potatoes in Senegalese culinary conditions. Ten (10) oil samples, each of three different brands, were purchased from wholesalers and retailers in different neighborhoods of Dakar. The samples were subjected to frying at 220°C for 40 min and then oils were withdrawn in amber bottles samples of which were taken for analysis. Acid value, peroxide value and total polar components were used to evaluate the quality of these oils after initial determination of the iodine value and the moisture and volatile matter content. Acid value increased after 40 min of frying and values ranged from 0.62 to 1.08 mg/kg after frying fish, while those for meat and potatoes ranged from 0.39 to 0.73 and 0.37 to 0.51 mg/kg, respectively. Peroxide value increased slightly for peanut oil (A) and sharply for peanut oil (B) and sunflower oil (C). Frying fish led to high values of total polar components whereas those obtained after frying meat and potatoes during 40 min did not exceed 15.27% except for peanut oil (A). Therefore, frying affects chemical parameter values of edible vegetable oils, which increase at a level depending on the product to be fried. A sharp Total Polar components increase was obtained after frying fish using the three types of oil with values exceeding, sometimes, the maximum level set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. This latter chemical parameter is considered a good indicator of overall quality of frying oil. Thus in Senegalese culinary practices where frying oil is often reused in families with low-income, such a situation may lead to significant sanitary risks. In view of these results, investigations need to be extended to other types of oil marketed in Senegal.Keywords: edible-oils, quality, frying, fish, mea

    Biologie du céteau (Solea cuneata, Moreau, 1881) dans la zone de Mohammedia (Maroc)

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    Le prĂ©sent travail vise Ă  Ă©lucider les principaux aspects de la biologie (croissance, reproduction et rĂ©gime alimentaire) de Solea cuneata provenant de la rĂ©gion de Mohammedia. AprĂšs avoir dĂ©terminĂ© l’ñge des poissons par otolimĂ©trie et Ă©tabli la relation taille-poids, les croissances linĂ©aire et pondĂ©rale ont Ă©tĂ© exprimĂ©es selon le modĂšle de Von Bertalanffy dont les paramĂštres ont Ă©tĂ© calculĂ©s par la mĂ©thode de Ford Walford:MĂąles : LTt = 236 [1- e-0,236 (t + 2,665)]Wt = 87,39 [1- e-0,236 (t + 2,665)] 3,066Femelles: LTt = 242 [1 - e-0,301 (t + 1,634)]Wt = 92,56 [1 - e-0,301 (t + 1,634)] 3,11Le sex ratio est en faveur des femelles (58% contre 42% pour les mĂąles), la taille de premiĂšre maturitĂ© sexuelle est atteinte Ă  165 mm. Le suivi du RGS, des stades de maturitĂ© sexuelle dans le temps ainsi que l’examen histologique des gonades ont permis de dĂ©terminer la pĂ©riode de ponte qui se situe entre janvier et avril avec une fĂ©conditĂ© relative individuelle moyenne de 1862. Le rĂ©gime alimentaire est composĂ© surtout d’invertebrĂ©s benthiques superficiels

    Evaluation de la contamination métallique des moules Mytilus gallo provincialis et des sédiments marins au niveau des cÎtes de la région de Dakar (Sénégal)

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    Les rejets industriels et domestiques au SĂ©nĂ©gal sont versĂ©s directement dans le milieu aquatique sans aucun traitement prĂ©alable. Dans le prĂ©sent travail, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© le degrĂ© de contamination du littoral dakarois par un suivi spatio-temporel des teneurs de certains Ă©lĂ©ments mĂ©talliques (cadmium, chrome et plomb) au niveau des moules et des sĂ©diments. Pour cela, six stations de prĂ©lĂšvement ont Ă©tĂ© choisis en fonction des activitĂ©s qui s’y dĂ©roulent: la zone de Mbao, les plages de dĂ©barquement des produits halieutiques de Hann et SoumbĂ©dioune, les alentours du port de Dakar, Cap Manuel et l’üle de Sarpent. En plus, cette Ă©tude vise Ă  Ă©valuer la variation intersaison de cette contamination. Les mĂ©taux lourds Ă©tudiĂ©s dans ce travail sont dosĂ©s par un spectromĂštre d’émission atomique Ă  arc Ă©lectrique. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent une contamination importante dans tout l’étendu du littoral, surtout pendant la saison des pluies (AoĂ»t) dans les moules et en saison sĂšche (Mai) au niveau des sĂ©diments. Les teneurs en plomb, chrome et cadmium les plus Ă©levĂ©es, accumulĂ©es par les moules ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©tectĂ©es au port avec des valeurs respectives de 380, 298 et 18,5 ÎŒg/g de poids sec et Ă  Hann avec respectivement 307, 268 et 3 ÎŒg/g de poids sec. Les rĂ©sultats de mesure ont montrĂ© Ă©galement, dans les deux sites, des teneurs en plomb, chrome, et cadmium trĂšs Ă©levĂ©es au niveau des sĂ©diments avec des valeurs respectives de 707, 1150 et 24 ÎŒg/g de poids sec au port. Pour Hann, les concentrations mesurĂ©es sont respectivement de 654, 752 et 5 ÎŒg/g de poids sec. Les limites de dĂ©tection des Ă©lectrolytes varient entre 0,01 et 0,1 mg/L. Les valeurs trouvĂ©es sont largement supĂ©rieures Ă  la norme Ă©tablie par la CommunautĂ© Economique EuropĂ©enne (CEE). En effet, la norme autorisĂ©e pour le plomb, le cadmium et le chrome au niveau des moules est de 1,5 ÎŒg/g du poids sec.Mots clĂ©s: MĂ©taux lourds, moule, sĂ©diment, toxicitĂ©, Ă©mission atomique

    The Informal Sector In Francophone Africa: Firm Size, Productivity, And Institutions

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    This book is a major step towards improving the understanding of the complex reality of informal sector firms in francophone West Africa. It innovates by concentrating on informal firms rather than informal employment (as other studies do), and identifying \u27large informal\u27 sector firms whose sales rival those of large formal-sector firms but operate in ways that are similar to small informal operators. Not only is the regulatory environment facing these two types of informal firms distinct, but policies aimed at improving their productivity need to be differentiated. This study focuses on the urban informal sector in three capital cities: Dakar (Senegal), Cotonou (Benin), and Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). The study also breaks new ground with an eclectic methodology and primary data collection. Quantitative and qualitative firm-level data were collected involving a unique and fruitful collaboration among academic researchers, government officials, the West African economic and monetary union commission, informal and formal sector business associations, and labor unions. This volume represents the culmination of a long collaboration between the Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquees (CREA) at the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar and the World Bank

    Présence de métaux lourds et de résidus médicamenteux dans les effluents des établissements de santé de Dakar (Sénégal)

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    L’objectif de cette Ă©tude est de quantifier les concentrations en mĂ©taux lourds et de rechercher la prĂ©sence de rĂ©sidus de molĂ©cules mĂ©dicamenteuses des effluents de trois hĂŽpitaux de Dakar (SĂ©nĂ©gal). C’est ainsi que la collecte des effluents a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e chaque jour sur une pĂ©riode de trois semaines Ă  l’entrĂ©e du dĂ©versoir des services de radiologie, de mĂ©decine interne et d’odontologie. Ensuite, des Ă©chantillons composites par semaine ont Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©s pour rechercher leur composition en mĂ©taux lourds et en rĂ©sidus mĂ©dicamenteux. Le transport a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© Ă  +4 °C et Ă  l'obscuritĂ© pour assurer une conservation satisfaisante. Les mĂ©taux lourds ont Ă©tĂ© dosĂ©s par ICP-MS et les rĂ©sidus de mĂ©dicaments ont Ă©tĂ© recherchĂ©s par UPLCMS/ MS. Les mĂ©dicaments identifiĂ©s dans les effluents sont essentiellement des analgĂ©siques et des psychotropes. La concentration en mĂ©taux lourds des effluents des trois hĂŽpitaux est infĂ©rieure aux normes sĂ©nĂ©galaises et de celles de L’OMS fixant les conditions de rejet de mĂ©taux dans les eaux usĂ©es. Cependant, bien que les taux retrouvĂ©s soient tolĂ©rables, leur introduction continuelle en milieu aquatique pourrait ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine d’effets nĂ©fastes sur les organismes marins par des phĂ©nomĂšnes de bioaccumulation et de biomagnification. D’oĂč l’importance et la nĂ©cessitĂ© des stations d’épuration pour une bonne gestion et une rĂ©duction des risques Ă©cotoxicologiques liĂ©s aux effluents liquides hospitaliers.Mots clĂ©s : Effluents hospitaliers, mĂ©taux lourds, rĂ©sidus mĂ©dicamenteux, toxicitĂ©

    Quantification of joint blood flow by dynamic contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy: Application to monitoring disease activity in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis

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    © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. Significance: Current guidelines for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management recommend early treatment with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). However, DMARD treatment fails in 30% of patients and current monitoring methods can only detect failure after 3 to 6 months of therapy. Aim: We investigated whether joint blood flow (BF), quantified using dynamic contrast-enhanced time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy, can monitor disease activity and treatment response in a rat model of RA. Approach: Ankle joint BF was measured every 5 days in eight rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and four healthy controls. Arthritis was allowed to progress for 20 days before rats with AIA were treated with a DMARD once every 5 days until day 40. Results: Time and group had separate significant main effects on joint BF; however, there was no significant interaction between time and group despite a notable difference in average joint BF on day 5. Comparison of individual blood flow measures between rats with AIA and control group animals did not reveal a clear response to treatment. Conclusions: Joint BF time courses could not distinguish between rats with AIA and study controls. Heterogeneous disease response and low temporal frequency of BF measurements may have been important study limitations

    Indirect inguinal hernia masquerading as a Spigelian hernia

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    Inguinal hernia usually developed and descended into scrotum. The clinical presentation is inguinal or inguino-scrotal swelling. Abdominal wall weakness as it is frequently seen in African tropical zones produces often rare clinical case. We report a case of inguinal hernia presented as an abdominal wall swelling clinically suggestive of a Spigelian hernia and discuss the mechanism
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