57 research outputs found

    Aggravation de l’anĂ©mie et polymorphisme de l’haptoglobine au cours de la drĂ©panocytose au SĂ©nĂ©gal

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    La drĂ©panocytose homozygote s’accompagne d’une augmentation de l’hĂ©moglobine (Hb) plasmatique, susceptible d’exposer les hĂ©maties Ă  un stress oxydant. L’haptoglobine prĂ©sente trois phĂ©notypes majeurs (Hp1-1, Hp 2-1 et Hp 2-2) susceptibles de fixer l’hĂ©moglobine extracellulaire avec une efficacitĂ© diffĂ©rente. L’objectif de ce travail est de voir si la connaissance du phĂ©notype d’Hp pouvait constituer un Ă©lĂ©ment prĂ©dictifde l’anĂ©mie sĂ©vĂšre. Pour cela, il a Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ© 68 drĂ©panocytaires  homozygotes, ĂągĂ©s de 5 Ă  31 ans. Pour chaque patient, un tĂ©moin de mĂȘme sexe et de mĂȘme Ăąge ± 2 ans a Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©. Le phĂ©notypage de l’Hp a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© par Ă©lectrophorĂšse sur gel de polyacrylamide. Les rĂ©sultats du dosage de l’Hb font ressortir que les taux d’Hb sont significativement diffĂ©rentes chez les patients comparĂ©es Ă  celles des tĂ©moins (p = 0,001). Lorsque la rĂ©partition a Ă©tĂ© faite en fonction du phĂ©notype d’Hp, une diffĂ©rence statistiquement significative a Ă©tĂ©retrouvĂ©e entre le phĂ©notype Hp1-1 et le phĂ©notype Hp2-2 (p < 0,001) chez les patients et non chez les tĂ©moins. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire suggĂ©reraient que la connaissance du phĂ©notype d’Hp seraitun facteur prĂ©dictif de l’anĂ©mie sĂ©vĂšre au cours de la drĂ©panocytose.Mots clĂ©s : DrĂ©panocytose, anĂ©mie, phĂ©notypes d’haptoglobine

    Complications des otites moyennes chroniques

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    Objectif de l’étude : Rapporter la frĂ©quence des complications des otites moyennes chroniques et prĂ©senter notre expĂ©rience dans leur prise en charge.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes : Etude rĂ©trospective concernant la pĂ©riode allant du 1er janvier 2000 au 31 dĂ©cembre 2009. Les complications ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©parties en 2 grands groupes : extracrĂąniennes et intracrĂą-niennes.RĂ©sultats : 57 patients sur 350 reçus pour OMC ont prĂ©sentĂ© une complication, soit une frĂ©quence de 18,38 %. Le cholestĂ©atome était le plus grand pourvoyeur de ces complications (84,2%). Dix-neuf patients prĂ©sentaient plus d’une complication, soit au total 76 cas. Les complications extracrĂąniennes ont Ă©tĂ© les plus frĂ©quentes, 63 cas (83%), dominĂ©es par la mastoĂŻdite extĂ©riorisĂ©e profuse (68,3%). Les complications intracrĂąniennes au nombre de 13 (17%) Ă©taient dominĂ©es par la mĂ©ningite purulente otogĂšne (46,2%). La mastoĂŻdectomie associĂ©e Ă  une antibiothĂ©rapie Ă  large spectre, occupait une place im-portante dans la prise en charge de ces complications. Elle a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e chez 45 patients (79%). La mortalitĂ© a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ©e Ă  3,5% (2 cas de dĂ©cĂšs). Un drainage neurochirurgical a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ© dans 4 cas (8,6 %).Conclusion : Cette Ă©tude se caractĂ©rise par un taux de complications d’OMC plus Ă©levĂ© que ceux rappor-tĂ©s dans la littĂ©rature, ainsi que par la prĂ©dominance des formes Ă©tendues et des associa-tions de complications chez un mĂȘme patient.Mots clĂ©s : Otite moyenne chronique, Complications, CholestĂ©atome.The objective of this study : was to report the frequency and our experience of management of complications of chronic otitsmedia.Methods : We conducted a retrospective study covering 10 years period (from 1st January 2000 to 31 December 2009). Complications were divided into 2 groups: extracranial and intracranial.Results : Among 350 patients received for chronic otitis media, 57 presented complications, such as a rate of 18.38%. Cholesteatoma was the largest provider of these complications in order of 84.2%. Nineteen (19) patients had more than one complication. So, a total of 76 cases of complications were listed. Subperiostal mastoiditis was the most common findings, 68.3% of the extracranial complications. The intracranial complications, (17%), were domi-nated by otogenic purulent meningitis (46.2%). Radical mastoĂŻdectomy with broad spectrum antibiotics occupied an important place in the management of these complications, performed in 45 patients (79%). Neurosurgical drainage was performed in 4 cases (8.6%). Mortality was estimated at 3.5% (2 deaths).Conclusion : COCM are characterized, in this study, by an elevated rate compared to that reported in the literature, the prevalence of extended forms and associations of complications in the same patient.Keys words : Chronic otitis media, Complications, Cholesteatoma

    Myringoplastie par la technique des boutonniĂšres

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    Introduction : La rĂ©paration des lĂ©sions tympaniques et ossiculaires au cours de l’otite chronique fait appel Ă  plusieurs procĂ©dĂ©s bien codifiĂ©s par leurs utilisateurs.Le but de ce travail est de rapporter nos rĂ©sultatsde myringoplastie par la technique des boutonniĂšres, chez des patients porteurs de sĂ©quelles d’otite moyenne chronique non cholestĂ©atomateuse.Patients et mĂ©thode : Etude rĂ©trospective concernant 49 patients opĂ©rĂ©s consĂ©cutivement de tympanoplastie pour otite moyenne chronique non cholestĂ©atomateuse, entre janvier 2003 et dĂ©cembre 2009, sĂ©lectionnĂ©s parmi 140 autres opĂ©rĂ©s de tympanoplasties selon d’autres procĂ©dĂ©s. Le temps de rĂ©paration de la membrane tympanique (Myringoplastie) a étĂ© effectuĂ© par la technique d’amarrage antĂ©rieur du greffon, technique dite des boutonniĂšres. Les critĂšres d’évaluationĂ©taient l’état du tympan Ă  la derniĂšre consultation, le rinne moyen post opĂ©ratoire ou rinne rĂ©siduel et le gain moyen auditif. Le gain auditif Ă©tait reprĂ©sentĂ© par la diffĂ©rence entre le rinne prĂ©-opĂ©ratoire et le rinne post opĂ©ratoire et tous les paramĂštres fonctionnels apprĂ©ciĂ©s sur les frĂ©quences 500, 1000 et 2000 hertz.RĂ©sultats : L’ñge moyen Ă©tait de 29 ans avec des extrĂȘmes de 8 et 64 ans. La perforation tympanique Ă©tait importante, centrale ou subtotale dans 32 cas (65,30%), avec une anciennetĂ© remontant Ă  l’enfance dans 19 cas (38,77%). L’oreille controlatĂ©rale Ă©tait porteuse d’une pathologie dans 23 cas (47%). Le rinne moyen prĂ©-opĂ©ratoire Ă©tait de 37,04 dB. Avec un recul moyen de 26 mois, la restauration anatomique du tympan en position normale Ă©tait notĂ©e dans 35 cas (71,42 %). Le taux de reperforation a Ă©tĂ© estimĂ© Ă  20,4% (10 cas), tandisque la mĂ©dialisation a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e dans 2 cas (4,08%), la latĂ©ralisation dans 1 cas (2,04%), le blunting ou comblement de l’angle antĂ©rieur tympano-mĂ©atal dans 1 cas (2,04%). Nous avons notĂ© un rinne moyen post opĂ©ratoire de 20,38 dB avec un gain moyen post opĂ©ratoire de 14dB.Conclusion : Les rĂ©sultats obtenus dans cette premiĂšre sĂ©rie de myringoplastiepar la technique des boutonniĂšres ont étĂ© modestes, mais amĂ©liorĂ©s dans le temps avec la maitrise de la technique opĂ©ratoire et des facteurs de risque d’échec reprĂ©sentĂ©s ici par l’anciennetĂ©, l’importance et l’évolutivitĂ© des lĂ©sions.Mots clĂ©s : Otite chronique, Myringoplastie, Technique des boutonniĂšres.Objective : Several methods well codified by their users had been described for the repairing of tympanic and ossicular damage during chronic otitis media. The aim of this study was to report our results of myringoplasties by the technic of buttonholes procedure, in patients with sequelae of non chlesteatoma chronic otitis media.Patients and methods : A retrospective study on 49 patients, with sequalea of non cholesteatoma chronic otitis media, operated consecutively of myringoplasty by the technic of buttonholes, between january 2003 and december 2009, was caried out. The patients had been selected among 140 others operated throught others procedures. The criteria of evaluation were the ear drum’s aspect at the last clinical examination, the average air bone gap and the average hearing gain established as the difference between pre opĂ©rative and post operative air bone gap. The parameters for the post operative functional outcome had been assessed on the frequencies 500, 1000 and 2000 kHz.Results: The average age was 29 years and ranged from 8 to 64. The tympanic membrane’s perforation was important, central or subtotal in 32 cases (65,30%), with a long term Ă©volution dating back to childhood in 19 cases (38,77%). Pathological disease was noticed in the controlateral ear in 23 cases (47%). The average pre operative air bone gap was 37.04 dB. After a mean follow up of 26 month, the succeful rate of closure of the tymapanic membrane, in the normal position, was 71,42%. The recidive of perforation (reperforation) was estimated at 20,4% (10 cases), whereverthe medialization was observed in 2 cases (4,08), lateralization and the blunting or filling the anterior tympano-mĂ©atal angle in respectively 1 case (2,04%). We noted an average post oprative air bone gap of 20,38 dB with an average hearing gain of 14 dB.Conclusion: The results obtained in this first round of myringoplasty with buttonhole procedure were modest, but improved over time withthe mastery of the surgery technic and risks factors of failure represented here by the age, size and scalabillity of the lesions.Keyswords : Chronic otitis media, Myringoplasty, Technic of buttonhole

    Critical Loss of the Balance between Th17 and T Regulatory Cell Populations in Pathogenic SIV Infection

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    Chronic immune activation and progression to AIDS are observed after SIV infection in macaques but not in natural host primate species. To better understand this dichotomy, we compared acute pathogenic SIV infection in pigtailed macaques (PTs) to non-pathogenic infection in African green monkeys (AGMs). SIVagm-infected PTs, but not SIVagm-infected AGMs, rapidly developed systemic immune activation, marked and selective depletion of IL-17-secreting (Th17) cells, and loss of the balance between Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells in blood, lymphoid organs, and mucosal tissue. The loss of Th17 cells was found to be predictive of systemic and sustained T cell activation. Collectively, these data indicate that loss of the Th17 to Treg balance is related to SIV disease progression

    The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the <it>An. gambiae </it>complex. <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>is one of four DVS within the <it>An. gambiae </it>complex, the others being <it>An. arabiensis </it>and the coastal <it>An. merus </it>and <it>An. melas</it>. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, <it>An. funestus</it>, <it>An. moucheti </it>and <it>An. nili</it>. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: <it>Anopheles </it>(<it>Cellia</it>) <it>arabiensis</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>funestus*</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>gambiae</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>melas</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>merus</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>moucheti </it>and <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>nili*</it>, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: <it>An. </it>(<it>Anopheles</it>) <it>atroparvus</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Ano.</it>) <it>labranchiae</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Ano.</it>) <it>messeae</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Ano.</it>) <it>sacharovi</it>, <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>sergentii </it>and <it>An. </it>(<it>Cel.</it>) <it>superpictus*</it>. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.</p

    Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

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    In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

    A case report

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    Anomalies of coronary artery origin: About two cases

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    Anomalies of coronary artery origin are congenital malformations characterized by the abnormal birth of a coronary artery from the controlateral coronary aortic sinus (birth of the left coronary artery from the right sinus or birth of the right coronary artery from the left sinus). The artery concerned has an abnormal initial path between the aorta and the pulmonary artery; this segment is most often intramural, in the aortic wall. They are rare with a prevalence (0.1% to 0.3% of the population). They pose a high risk of sudden stress death related to exercise myocardial ischemia. The most common mode of discovery is aborted sudden death, but sometimes fortuitously. The contribution of multi-round CT is described for the positive diagnosis of these anatomical variations, sometimes delicate in coronary angiography, but also for the distinction between &ldquo;benign&rdquo; and &ldquo;malignant&rdquo; forms, potentially responsible for myocardial ischemia. Treatment is usually surgical in symptomatic forms. We report the cases of two patients with coronary connection abnormalities discovered in adulthood
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