HIGH BAS AND LOW BIS IN OVERCONFIDENCE, AND THEIR IMPACT ON MOTIVATION AND SELF-EFFICACY AFTER POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PERFORMANCE

Self-confidence, motivation, and performance outcome are vital for goal-directed behaviour. However, people do not react to a positive and negative performance in the same way. This study examines (a) the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation, and (b) how approach- and avoidance-oriented individuals respond to a performance outcome. The study was conducted on 93 participants. The first part of the study examined the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation within Reinforcement sensitivity theory, while the second part examined changes in motivation and self-efficiency in overconfident, avoidance- and approach-oriented individuals, following the positive and negative performance. Approach and avoidance tendencies were assessed by Reinforcement Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) and Sensitivity to Punishment Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). Correlational analysis showed that the Behavioural Approach System (BAS) and Sensitivity to Reward (SR) correlated positively, while Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) correlated negatively with confidence. In addition, moderated regression analysis showed that (a) high BIS, SP and SR individuals were strongly demotivated following the negative performance, (b) while overconfident and high BAS individuals maintained their initial motivation. On the other hand, motivation in high SR, but not in the high BAS and overconfident individuals, increased after the positive performance. None of the scales predicted the change of self-efficacy either after the positive or negative performance. High BAS and low BIS in overconfident individuals may explain why they strive more toward the final goal despite drawbacks. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed in the paper

POVEZANOST PREFERENCIJA TOPLIH BOJA I TRAŽENJE UZBUĐENJA

U provedenom istraživanju na n=118 sudionika ispitivala se povezanost preferencija boja i stupnja složenosti crteža s dimenzijom ličnosti traženja uzbuđenja. Ispitanici su procjenjivali subjektivni stupanj sviđanja crteža na Setu crteža kreiranog za potrebe istraživanja, te nakon toga ispunjavali skalu Traženja uzbuđenja – verzija V. Podaci su obrađeni korelacijskom i hijerarhijskom regresijskom analizom. Rezultati ukazuju na tendenciju preferiranja toplih boja (žuta i crvena boja) kod tražitelja uzbuđenja, dok se za hladne boje (zelena, plava i tamnoljubičasta) pokazala samo jedna negativna korelacija i to za subskalu Traženje novih doživljaja. U oba slučaja su kontrolirani efekti doba i spola. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja u skladu su s prijašnjim nalazima u kojima se ispitivala povezanost traženja uzbuđenja s preferencijama boja

Emocionalna kompetencija i simptomi posttraumatskoga stresnog poremećaja kod veterana Domovinskog rata

This study examined the relationship between four factors of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms – re-experiencing, avoidance, dysphoria and hyperarousal – and particular domains of emotional competence and emotional regulation and control among 215 Croatian Homeland War veterans. Cross-sectionally, emotional competence subscales – perceiving and understanding emotions, expressing and labelling emotions, managing and regulating emotions – were associated with dysphoria symptom cluster only, while emotional regulation and control subscales – influence of emotion and mood on memory and emotional reaction control – were associated with dysphoria and re-experiencing symptom clusters. The results of this study are consistent with the view that successful recovery from trauma requires adaptive emotion competence skills and that therefore difficulties in dealing with emotions (understanding, expressing or regulating) are a risk factor for the development and/or maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It appears that interventions organized toward improving emotional competence and regulation may be useful as complementary or independent treatments for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.U ovom istraživanju ispitivali smo povezanost četiriju faktora posttraumatskoga stresnog poremećaja – ponovno proživljavanje traume, izbjegavanje, disforija i pojačana pobuđenost – i određenih aspekata emocionalne kompetencije i emocionalne regulacije i kontrole na uzorku od 215 branitelja Domovinskog rata. Podskale emocionalne kompetencije – percipiranje i razumijevanje emocija, izražavanje i imenovanje emocija, upravljanje i reguliranje emocijama – povezane su sa simptomima faktora disforije, koji uključuju ograničeni afekt, poteškoće u spavanju, osjećaj uskraćene budućnosti, otežano koncentriranje i iritabilnost, dok su podskale emocionalne regulacije i kontrole – utjecaj emocija i raspoloženja na pamćenje i kontrola emocionalnih reakcija – povezane sa simptomima disforije i simptomima ponovnoga proživljavanja traume, npr. aktualna i intruzivna uznemirujuća prisjećanja, aktualni uznemirujući snovi, ponašanja ili osjećaji kao da se događaji ponovno zbivaju te intenzivni psihološki distres. Rezultati istraživanja sugeriraju da su poteškoće u procesiranju i reguliranju emocija mogući rizični faktor za razvoj i/ili održavanje simptoma posttraumatskoga stresnog poremećaja

KADA NAM JE DOSADNO? STUDIJA UZORKOVANJA DOŽIVLJAJA

Istraživanja ukazuju kako se dosada često doživljava te da javljanju osjećaja dosade doprinosi niz situacijskih i osobinskih faktora. Većina nalaza o dosadi dobivena je putem korelacijskih istraživanja u kojima su uspoređene različite upitničke mjere dosade ili eksperimentalnim studijama kojima se dosada izazivala u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Cilj ovog rada je ispitati u kakvim situacijama se dosada javlja u svakodnevnom životu, primjenom metode uzorkovanja doživljaja, kako bi se ispitala ekološka valjanost ranijih zaključaka. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 102 studentice Sveučilišta u Osijeku. Kroz tjedan dana, deset puta dnevno, studentice su u polu-strukturirane dnevnike unosile podatke o situacijama u kojima se nalaze, bilježile kako doživljavaju te situacije i kako se osjećaju u tom trenutku. Rezultati dobiveni višerazinskom regresijskom analizom pokazali su da je, u prosjeku, razina dosade manja u situacijama koje osoba procjenjuje kao: neočekivane, pozitivne i s kojima se uspješno može nositi, u većoj mjeri nego obično. Osim toga, razina dosade pozitivno je povezana sa situacijama koje osoba procjenjuje kao da bi za nju mogle biti neugodne. Pored normativnih zaključaka, raspravlja se o inter-individualnim razlikama u prediktorima osjećaja dosade kao i teorijskim i praktičnim implikacijama dobivenih nalaza

Avanzando con el SAC: Hacia la neurobiología del modelo multidimensional de la motivación de acercamiento

One of the hottest topics in neuroscience is the study of brain-behavioural circuits underlying the processing of reward-related stimuli. A growing body of studies has shed new light on the neural structure of this reward system. In this paper, we discuss the significance of these studies from the perspective of a neuropsychological theory of personality, namely the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). RST assumes that variation in sensitivity/reactivity of the reward system is the cause of individual differences in approach motivation (e.g. desire or need for achievement, persistence, and positive emotionality). Within RST, these individual differences are contained in the construct of the Behavioural Approach System (BAS). However, there is an ongoing debate as regards the nature of the BAS. This fact motivated us to review the latest refinements in the neuroscience of the BAS in the context of the reward system. In this review, we identity four distinctive aspects of the BAS: wanting, incentive motivation, striving and liking. Their behavioural effects are compared with the behavioural manifestations of testosterone, dopamine, serotonin and endogenous opioids, respectively. We conclude that the unidimensional view of the BAS is overly oversimplified; and we suggest that it should be studied as a multidimensional construct and, by implication, so too should the reward system.Uno de los temas candentes en la neurociencia es es el estudio de circuitos cerebro-conductuales que están en la base del procesamiento de estímulos relacionados con la recompensa. El número creciente de investigaciones han arrojado una nueva luz sobre la estructura neuronal de este sistema de recompensas. En este trabajo discutimos la importancia estos estudios desde la perspectiva de la teoría neuropsicológica de la personalidad, más concreto, la Teoría de la Sensibilidad al Refuerzo (TSR). TSR supone que la variación en la sensibilidad/reactividad del sistema de recompensas es la causa de diferencias individuales en la motivación de acercamiento (p. ej. deseo o necesidad de logro, perseverancia y emocionalidad positiva). Dentro de TSR estas diferencias individuales se encuentran en el constructo del Sistema de activación conductual (SAC). Sin embargo, existe un debate sobre la índole de SAC. Este hecho nos ha motivado a revisar los últimos hallazgos en la neurociencia de SAC en el contexto del sistema de recompensas. En esta revisión identificamos cuatro aspectos distintivos de SAC: carencia, motivación de incentivo, esfuerzos y gustos. Sus efectos conductuales se comparan con las manifestaciones de testosteronas, dopamina, serotonina y opioides endógenos, respectivamente. Concluimos que la vista unidimensional de SAC es demasiado simplificada y sugerimos estudiarlo como un constructo multidimensional, lo que implica lo mismo para el sistema de recompensas

SITUATIONAL CUES TRIGGER RISK ASSESSMENT, FIGHT, FLIGHT, BUT NOT FREEZE IN BLANCHARD’S THREAT SCENARIOS

One of the most frequently used self-report instruments of human defensive behaviors is Blanchards' threat scenarios. The aim of this study is to reevaluate situational cues on defensive behavioral repertoire by the modified version of the instrument. Instead of the first choice response format, we implemented a five-point Likert type scale. This allowed the use of different statistical procedures to reevaluate the instrument. The instrument was administered to 1136 (40.85% males) participants from the general population of Croatia. Results revealed that the scenarios represent valid measures of the risk assessment, fight and flight, but not freezing responses. In addition, it was found that females tend to avoid, while males tend to confront the source of threat. The results are highly congruent with the findings in other cultures. We conclude that this instrument may represent a very useful tool in the research of human defensive behavioral repertoire, except for freeze reactions

Faktorska struktura i validacija upitnika Dimenzionalna procjena osobina ličnosti (DiPOL) za adolescente

The last decade was extremely dynamic in the field of personality disorder. The extensive research has resulted with significant changes in conceptualization and assessment of personality psychopathology. DSM 5 has introduced a hybrid diagnostic model of personality disorders, which leads toward implementing dimensional instead of categorical approach to personality disorders. There are many questionnaires aimed to measure dimensions of personality psychopathology. However, they contain a large number of items, which may present a methodological problem in conducting research on large samples. Hence, the aim of this study is to present development of a short questionnaire aimed to measure main dimensions of personality psychopathology. The questionnaire, named Dimensional Assessment of Personality Traits Questionnaire (DAPTQ), contains 62 items distributed into 5 main scales; Negative Emotionality, Detachment, Compulsivity, Psychoticism and Antagonism, and two additional scales Grandiosity and Attention Seeking. Study was conducted on the sample of 456 high school students from Osijek and Koprivnica. The DAPTQ, YPI, LEXI - 70 and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being were administered. Results indicate good psychometric properties, namely content, construct and convergent validity and reliability, of all scales of the DAPTQ. This paper discusses some measurement issues concerning personality psychopathology in adolescents' population and the ways in which they could be overcome.En los últimos diez años han sucedido cambios significativos en la conceptualización y medición de la psicopatología de personalidad. Además del enfoque categorial, DSM-5 poco a poco introduce también el enfoque dimensional para diagnosticar los trastornos de personalidad. Aunque en la literatura existe un mayor número de cuestionarios para medir las dimensiones de psicopatología, los cuestionarios anteriores tienen demasiadas partículas, lo que dificulta la investigación en este campo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la construcción de un cuestionario corto pensado para medir dimensiones principales de la psicopatología de personalidad. El cuestionario Valoración dimensional de los rasgos de personalidad (VDRP) consta de 62 partículas que forman cinco principales escalas llamadas Emocionalidad negativa, Exclusión emocional, Compulsión, Psicoticismo y Antagonismo, y dos escalas adicionales: Grandiosidad y Búsqueda de atención. En la muestra de 456 alumnos de secundaria en Osijek y Koprivnica se llevó a cabo la investigación en la que, además de VDRP, fueron usados también los cuestionarios Inventario de tendencias psicopáticas de los jóvenes, los Cinco grandes más dos y la Escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Los resultados indican las características psicométricas satisfactorias del cuestionario VDRP en cuanto a la validez constructiva, convergente y de contenido por una parte, y los coeficientes de fiabilidad por otra. En el trabajo se discuten ciertos problemas metodológicos de medir la psicopatología de personalidad de los adolescentes y la manera en la que estos se pueden superar.U proteklih desetak godina dogodile su se značajne promjene u konceptualizaciji i mjerenju psihopatologije ličnosti. Uz kategorijalni, DSM-V postepeno uvodi i dimenzionalni pristup dijagnosticiranju poremećaja ličnosti. Iako u literaturi postoji veći broj upitnika kojima se mjere dimenzije psihopatologije, dosadašnji upitnici imaju suviše velik broj čestica što otežava istraživanje u ovom području. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti konstrukciju kratkog upitnika namijenjenog mjerenju glavnih dimenzija psihopatologije ličnosti. Upitnik Dimenzionalna procjena osobina ličnosti (DiPOL) se sastoji od 62 čestice koje čine pet glavnih ljestvica nazvanih Negativna emocionalnost, Emocionalna isključenost, Kompulzivnost, Psihoticizam i Antagonizam, te dvije dodatne ljestvice, Grandioznost i Traženje pozornosti. Na uzorku je od 456 učenika srednjih škola u Osijeku i Koprivnici provedeno istraživanje u kojem su uz DiPOL korišteni i upitnici Inventar psihopatskih tendencija mladih, Velikih pet plus dva i Ljestvica psihološke dobrobiti autorice Ryffin. Rezultati upućuju na zadovoljavajuće psihometrijske karakteristike upitnika DiPOL-a s obzirom na sadržajnu, konstruktnu i konvergentnu valjanost, te koeficijente pouzdanosti. U radu se razmatraju određeni metodološki problemi mjerenja psihopatologije ličnosti kod adolescenata i način na koji se oni mogu zaobići

POVEZANOST PREFERENCIJA TOPLIH BOJA I TRAŽENJE UZBUĐENJA

U provedenom istraživanju na n=118 sudionika ispitivala se povezanost preferencija boja i stupnja složenosti crteža s dimenzijom ličnosti traženja uzbuđenja. Ispitanici su procjenjivali subjektivni stupanj sviđanja crteža na Setu crteža kreiranog za potrebe istraživanja, te nakon toga ispunjavali skalu Traženja uzbuđenja – verzija V. Podaci su obrađeni korelacijskom i hijerarhijskom regresijskom analizom. Rezultati ukazuju na tendenciju preferiranja toplih boja (žuta i crvena boja) kod tražitelja uzbuđenja, dok se za hladne boje (zelena, plava i tamnoljubičasta) pokazala samo jedna negativna korelacija i to za subskalu Traženje novih doživljaja. U oba slučaja su kontrolirani efekti doba i spola. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja u skladu su s prijašnjim nalazima u kojima se ispitivala povezanost traženja uzbuđenja s preferencijama boja

La estructura factorial y validación del cuestionario Valoración dimensional de los rasgos de personalidad (VDRP) para los adolescentes

U proteklih desetak godina dogodile su se značajne promjene u konceptualizaciji i mjerenju psihopatologije ličnosti. Uz kategorijalni, DSM-V postepeno uvodi i dimenzionalni pristup dijagnosticiranju poremećaja ličnosti. Iako u literaturi postoji veći broj upitnika kojima se mjere dimenzije psihopatologije, dosadašnji upitnici imaju suviše velik broj čestica što otežava istraživanje u ovom području. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti konstrukciju kratkog upitnika namijenjenog mjerenju glavnih dimenzija psihopatologije ličnosti. Upitnik Dimenzionalna procjena osobina ličnosti (DiPOL) se sastoji od 62 čestice koje čine pet glavnih ljestvica nazvanih Negativna emocionalnost, Emocionalna isključenost, Kompulzivnost, Psihoticizam i Antagonizam, te dvije dodatne ljestvice, Grandioznost i Traženje pozornosti. Na uzorku je od 456 učenika srednjih škola u Osijeku i Koprivnici provedeno istraživanje u kojem su uz DiPOL korišteni i upitnici Inventar psihopatskih tendencija mladih, Velikih pet plus dva i Ljestvica psihološke dobrobiti autorice Ryffin. Rezultati upućuju na zadovoljavajuće psihometrijske karakteristike upitnika DiPOL-a s obzirom na sadržajnu, konstruktnu i konvergentnu valjanost, te koeficijente pouzdanosti. U radu se razmatraju određeni metodološki problemi mjerenja psihopatologije ličnosti kod adolescenata i način na koji se oni mogu zaobići.The last decade was extremely dynamic in the field of personality disorder. The extensive research has resulted with significant changes in conceptualization and assessment of personality psychopathology. DSM 5 has introduced a hybrid diagnostic model of personality disorders, which leads toward implementing dimensional instead of categorical approach to personality disorders. There are many questionnaires aimed to measure dimensions of personality psychopathology. However, they contain a large number of items, which may present a methodological problem in conducting research on large samples. Hence, the aim of this study is to present development of a short questionnaire aimed to measure main dimensions of personality psychopathology. The questionnaire, named Dimensional Assessment of Personality Traits Questionnaire (DAPTQ), contains 62 items distributed into 5 main scales; Negative Emotionality, Detachment, Compulsivity, Psychoticism and Antagonism, and two additional scales Grandiosity and Attention Seeking. Study was conducted on the sample of 456 high school students from Osijek and Koprivnica. The DAPTQ, YPI, LEXI - 70 and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being were administered. Results indicate good psychometric properties, namely content, construct and convergent validity and reliability, of all scales of the DAPTQ. This paper discusses some measurement issues concerning personality psychopathology in adolescents\u27 population and the ways in which they could be overcome.En los últimos diez años han sucedido cambios significativos en la conceptualización y medición de la psicopatología de personalidad. Además del enfoque categorial, DSM-5 poco a poco introduce también el enfoque dimensional para diagnosticar los trastornos de personalidad. Aunque en la literatura existe un mayor número de cuestionarios para medir las dimensiones de psicopatología, los cuestionarios anteriores tienen demasiadas partículas, lo que dificulta la investigación en este campo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la construcción de un cuestionario corto pensado para medir dimensiones principales de la psicopatología de personalidad. El cuestionario Valoración dimensional de los rasgos de personalidad (VDRP) consta de 62 partículas que forman cinco principales escalas llamadas Emocionalidad negativa, Exclusión emocional, Compulsión, Psicoticismo y Antagonismo, y dos escalas adicionales: Grandiosidad y Búsqueda de atención. En la muestra de 456 alumnos de secundaria en Osijek y Koprivnica se llevó a cabo la investigación en la que, además de VDRP, fueron usados también los cuestionarios Inventario de tendencias psicopáticas de los jóvenes, los Cinco grandes más dos y la Escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Los resultados indican las características psicométricas satisfactorias del cuestionario VDRP en cuanto a la validez constructiva, convergente y de contenido por una parte, y los coeficientes de fiabilidad por otra. En el trabajo se discuten ciertos problemas metodológicos de medir la psicopatología de personalidad de los adolescentes y la manera en la que estos se pueden superar

Faktorska struktura i validacija upitnika Dimenzionalna procjena osobina ličnosti (DiPOL) za adolescente

The last decade was extremely dynamic in the field of personality disorder. The extensive research has resulted with significant changes in conceptualization and assessment of personality psychopathology. DSM 5 has introduced a hybrid diagnostic model of personality disorders, which leads toward implementing dimensional instead of categorical approach to personality disorders. There are many questionnaires aimed to measure dimensions of personality psychopathology. However, they contain a large number of items, which may present a methodological problem in conducting research on large samples. Hence, the aim of this study is to present development of a short questionnaire aimed to measure main dimensions of personality psychopathology. The questionnaire, named Dimensional Assessment of Personality Traits Questionnaire (DAPTQ), contains 62 items distributed into 5 main scales; Negative Emotionality, Detachment, Compulsivity, Psychoticism and Antagonism, and two additional scales Grandiosity and Attention Seeking. Study was conducted on the sample of 456 high school students from Osijek and Koprivnica. The DAPTQ, YPI, LEXI - 70 and Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being were administered. Results indicate good psychometric properties, namely content, construct and convergent validity and reliability, of all scales of the DAPTQ. This paper discusses some measurement issues concerning personality psychopathology in adolescents' population and the ways in which they could be overcome.En los últimos diez años han sucedido cambios significativos en la conceptualización y medición de la psicopatología de personalidad. Además del enfoque categorial, DSM-5 poco a poco introduce también el enfoque dimensional para diagnosticar los trastornos de personalidad. Aunque en la literatura existe un mayor número de cuestionarios para medir las dimensiones de psicopatología, los cuestionarios anteriores tienen demasiadas partículas, lo que dificulta la investigación en este campo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la construcción de un cuestionario corto pensado para medir dimensiones principales de la psicopatología de personalidad. El cuestionario Valoración dimensional de los rasgos de personalidad (VDRP) consta de 62 partículas que forman cinco principales escalas llamadas Emocionalidad negativa, Exclusión emocional, Compulsión, Psicoticismo y Antagonismo, y dos escalas adicionales: Grandiosidad y Búsqueda de atención. En la muestra de 456 alumnos de secundaria en Osijek y Koprivnica se llevó a cabo la investigación en la que, además de VDRP, fueron usados también los cuestionarios Inventario de tendencias psicopáticas de los jóvenes, los Cinco grandes más dos y la Escala de bienestar psicológico de Ryff. Los resultados indican las características psicométricas satisfactorias del cuestionario VDRP en cuanto a la validez constructiva, convergente y de contenido por una parte, y los coeficientes de fiabilidad por otra. En el trabajo se discuten ciertos problemas metodológicos de medir la psicopatología de personalidad de los adolescentes y la manera en la que estos se pueden superar.U proteklih desetak godina dogodile su se značajne promjene u konceptualizaciji i mjerenju psihopatologije ličnosti. Uz kategorijalni, DSM-V postepeno uvodi i dimenzionalni pristup dijagnosticiranju poremećaja ličnosti. Iako u literaturi postoji veći broj upitnika kojima se mjere dimenzije psihopatologije, dosadašnji upitnici imaju suviše velik broj čestica što otežava istraživanje u ovom području. Cilj je ovog rada predstaviti konstrukciju kratkog upitnika namijenjenog mjerenju glavnih dimenzija psihopatologije ličnosti. Upitnik Dimenzionalna procjena osobina ličnosti (DiPOL) se sastoji od 62 čestice koje čine pet glavnih ljestvica nazvanih Negativna emocionalnost, Emocionalna isključenost, Kompulzivnost, Psihoticizam i Antagonizam, te dvije dodatne ljestvice, Grandioznost i Traženje pozornosti. Na uzorku je od 456 učenika srednjih škola u Osijeku i Koprivnici provedeno istraživanje u kojem su uz DiPOL korišteni i upitnici Inventar psihopatskih tendencija mladih, Velikih pet plus dva i Ljestvica psihološke dobrobiti autorice Ryffin. Rezultati upućuju na zadovoljavajuće psihometrijske karakteristike upitnika DiPOL-a s obzirom na sadržajnu, konstruktnu i konvergentnu valjanost, te koeficijente pouzdanosti. U radu se razmatraju određeni metodološki problemi mjerenja psihopatologije ličnosti kod adolescenata i način na koji se oni mogu zaobići