Genetic Correlation and Bidirectional Causal Association Between Type 2 Diabetes and Pulmonary Function

Background Observational studies have shown possible bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pulmonary function, but the causality is not well defined. The purpose of this study is to investigate genetic correlation and causal relationship of T2D and glycemic traits with pulmonary function. Methods By leveraging summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, linkage disequilibrium score regression was first implemented to quantify genetic correlations between T2D, glycemic traits, and several spirometry indices. Then both univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses along with multiple pleiotropy-robust methods were performed in two directions to assess the causal nature of these relationships. Results Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) showed significant genetic correlations with T2D and fasting insulin levels and suggestive genetic correlations with fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. In Mendelian randomization analyses, genetically predicted higher FEV1 (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.94) and FVC (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99) were significantly associated with lower risk of T2D. Conversely, genetic predisposition to higher risk of T2D exhibited strong association with reduced FEV1 (beta = -0.062; 95% CI = -0.100, -0.024) and FEV1 (beta = -0.088; 95% CI = -0.126, -0.050) and increased FEV1/FVC ratio (beta = 0.045; 95% CI = 0.012, 0.078). We also found a suggestive causal effect of fasting glucose on pulmonary function and of pulmonary function on fasting insulin and proinsulin. Conclusions The present study provided supportive evidence for genetic correlation and bidirectional causal association between T2D and pulmonary function. Further studies are warranted to clarify possible mechanisms related to lung dysfunction and T2D, thus offering a new strategy for the management of the two comorbid diseases

Associations of the Triglyceride and Glucose Index With Hypertension Stages, Phenotypes, and Their Progressions Among Middle-Aged and Older Chinese

Objectives: To assess the associations of the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index with hypertension stages, phenotypes, and their progressions.Methods: The data originated from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Multinomial logistic regression investigated the associations of the TyG index with hypertension stages (stage 1, stage 2), phenotypes (isolated systolic hypertension [ISH], isolated diastolic hypertension [IDH], systolic diastolic hypertension [SDH]), their progressions.Results: Compared with the lowest quartile of TyG index, the highest quartile was associated with increased risks of stage 1 hypertension (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.38–2.13), stage 2 (1.74, 1.27–2.38), ISH (1.66, 1.31–2.11), IDH (2.52, 1.26–5.05), and SDH (1.65, 1.23–2.23). Similar results were found when TyG index was a continuous variable. From 2011 to 2015, a higher baseline TyG index was associated with normotension to stage 1 (per-unit: 1.39, 1.16–1.65), normotension to ISH (per-unit: 1.28, 1.04–1.56), and normotension to IDH (per-unit: 1.94, 1.27–2.97).Conclusion: The TyG index was associated with different hypertension stages, phenotypes, their progressions, and could be served as a surrogate indicator for early hypertension management

Mortality Rate for Children under 5 Years of Age in Zhejiang Province, China from 1997 to 2012.

OBJECTIVES:This is a population based descriptive study that examined the trends in childhood mortality among under five children and the major causes under five mortality in Zhejiang Province, China. METHODS:A population-based survey was conducted through a province-level surveillance network. The mortality rate and leading causes of death for children under 5 years of age were analyzed. The trend in the mortality rate for children under five and cause-specific mortality rates were analyzed by chi-square with SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS:In Zhejiang Province, during 1997-2012, mortality rates in neonates, postneonatal infants, and children under 5 years were reduced by 64.2% (from 7.85 to 2.81 per 1000 livebirths), 66.7% (from 12.73 to 4.24 per 1000 livebirths), and 63% (from 15.76 to 5.85 per 1000 livebirths), respectively. The mortality rates in children under 5 years of age decreased by 59.5% (from 11.09 to 4.49 per 1000 livebirths) and 65.8% (from 19.30 to 6.61 per 1000 livebirths) in urban and rural areas, respectively. Prematurity/low birth weight and congenital heart disease were in the top five causes of death in children under 5 years of age during 1997-2012. CONCLUSIONS:Zhejiang province has achieved great progress in the reduction of mortality rates in children under five-years-old during the past two decades. The future tasks on reduction of mortality rate still rely on how to improve the management of premature birth/low birth weight, reduce birth defects and prevent accidental deaths in Zhejiang Province

Dental caries and associated factors in 3 to 5-year-old children in Zhejiang Province, China: an epidemiological survey

Abstract Background Dental caries in preschool children is prevalent worldwide, but data regarding its magnitude and associated factors were not available for preschool children in Zhejiang Province, China. This study examines the dental caries situation and its associated factors in Zhejiang Province. Methods A total of 1591 children aged 3–5 years and their parents or caregivers were enrolled in this study. The condition of their teeth was assessed by three dental technicians qualified to WHO 2013 criteria. A structured questionnaire was completed by the children’s parents or caregivers. A logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors that may be associated with dental caries occurring among preschool children. Results Caries prevalence (dmft> 0) of 3–5 year old children in Zhejiang Province was 70.4%. The mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) scores of the 3, 4 or 5 year old children surveyed were 2.96 ± 4.07, 4.42 ± 4.66, and 5.75 ± 5.19 respectively. The negative binomial regression model found that higher dental caries prevalence was found in children as age increased, with lower body mass index (BMI), with longer breastfeeding duration and with fewer hours of sleep. Conclusions The dental caries prevalence and dmft score of 3–5-year-old children in Zhejiang Province was high, and it was associated with age, BMI, breastfeeding duration and hours slept

Genetic Correlation and Bidirectional Causal Association Between Type 2 Diabetes and Pulmonary Function

BackgroundObservational studies have shown possible bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pulmonary function, but the causality is not well defined. The purpose of this study is to investigate genetic correlation and causal relationship of T2D and glycemic traits with pulmonary function.MethodsBy leveraging summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, linkage disequilibrium score regression was first implemented to quantify genetic correlations between T2D, glycemic traits, and several spirometry indices. Then both univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses along with multiple pleiotropy-robust methods were performed in two directions to assess the causal nature of these relationships.ResultsForced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) showed significant genetic correlations with T2D and fasting insulin levels and suggestive genetic correlations with fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. In Mendelian randomization analyses, genetically predicted higher FEV1 (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.94) and FVC (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99) were significantly associated with lower risk of T2D. Conversely, genetic predisposition to higher risk of T2D exhibited strong association with reduced FEV1 (beta = −0.062; 95% CI = −0.100, −0.024) and FEV1 (beta = −0.088; 95% CI = −0.126, −0.050) and increased FEV1/FVC ratio (beta = 0.045; 95% CI = 0.012, 0.078). We also found a suggestive causal effect of fasting glucose on pulmonary function and of pulmonary function on fasting insulin and proinsulin.ConclusionsThe present study provided supportive evidence for genetic correlation and bidirectional causal association between T2D and pulmonary function. Further studies are warranted to clarify possible mechanisms related to lung dysfunction and T2D, thus offering a new strategy for the management of the two comorbid diseases.</jats:sec

DataSheet_1_Genetic Correlation and Bidirectional Causal Association Between Type 2 Diabetes and Pulmonary Function.xlsx

Background: Observational studies have shown possible bidirectional association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pulmonary function, but the causality is not well defined. The purpose of this study is to investigate genetic correlation and causal relationship of T2D and glycemic traits with pulmonary function. Methods: By leveraging summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies, linkage disequilibrium score regression was first implemented to quantify genetic correlations between T2D, glycemic traits, and several spirometry indices. Then both univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses along with multiple pleiotropy-robust methods were performed in two directions to assess the causal nature of these relationships. Results Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) showed significant genetic correlations with T2D and fasting insulin levels and suggestive genetic correlations with fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1c. In Mendelian randomization analyses, genetically predicted higher FEV1 (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.63, 0.94) and FVC (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99) were significantly associated with lower risk of T2D. Conversely, genetic predisposition to higher risk of T2D exhibited strong association with reduced FEV1 (beta = −0.062; 95% CI = −0.100, −0.024) and FEV1 (beta = −0.088; 95% CI = −0.126, −0.050) and increased FEV1/FVC ratio (beta = 0.045; 95% CI = 0.012, 0.078). We also found a suggestive causal effect of fasting glucose on pulmonary function and of pulmonary function on fasting insulin and proinsulin. Conclusions: The present study provided supportive evidence for genetic correlation and bidirectional causal association between T2D and pulmonary function. Further studies are warranted to clarify possible mechanisms related to lung dysfunction and T2D, thus offering a new strategy for the management of the two comorbid diseases