Технички решенија за зголемување на безбедноста и сигурноста при експлоатација на тракторите во јавниот сообраќај

Во трудот се прикажани техничките превентивни мерки со цел спречување и намалување на несреќите со трактори во земјоделското производство во Република Македонија. Според резултатите од истражувањата во Република Македонија во периодот од 2008 до 2012 година во сообраќајнте несреќи со трактори вкупно загинале 47 лица, 168 се тешко повредени и 604 лица се добиле со лесни повреди. Со цел спречување на бројот на несреќи со трактори и намалување на бројот на повредени лица во земјоделското производство треба доследно да се применуваат техничките мерки за зголемување на безбедноста и сигурноста при работа со земјоделските машини

Consequences of tractor accidents in the agriculture in Republic of Macedonia

In this paper are the results from the research of the consequences of tractor accidents in the agriculture in Republic of Macedonia. During the research from 1999 till 2003, 610 people have been injured in Republic of Macedonia in agricultural production, and the tractors have been the main reason. 544 people have been injured in tractor traffic accidents and 66 have been injured during tractor operating in agricultural condition. From the total number, 101 people have died during this period of time. 57 people have died in tractor traffic accidents and the rest of 44 people during tractor operating in agricultural condition. During the research, 172 people have been registered with hard injuries. 151 people have been injured in tractor traffic accidents and 21 during tractor operating in agricultural condition. Light injuries are also part of injuries that happen during tractor operating. During this research another 337 people have been registered with light injuries. The main causes of tractor accidents in the agriculture in Republic of Macedonia are: inattention of the tractor operator, improper speed according to the signs and road conditions, alcohol and malfunctions of the vehicle

Класификација и насоки на развој на тракторите

Во трудот е прикажана класификацијата на тракторите според областа на користење, намената, номиналната сила, моќноста и концепцијата на изработка. Потоа се прикажани правците за развој на тракторите преку општите карактеристики и развојните компоненти, моторот, преносот на силата, хидрауликата, одниот систем и др

Design of hydrostatic transmission of agriculture machines

This paper focuses on the use of hydrostatic transmissions for an agriculture machine. A hydrostatic transmission modifies and transmits power from the engine to the final drive, or directly to the wheels or tracks. An entire text could be devoted to the analysis required to properly match prime mover and load characteristics to achieve optimal productivity and efficiency. The objective in this paper is to understand the characteristics of a hydrostatic transmission so that it can be compared with mechanical transmissions

Najčešće lokacije nesreća sa traktorima u Republici Makedoniji

In this paper are the results from the investigations of the frequently place of tractor accidents in agriculture in Republic of Macedonia. In the period from 1999 to 2003 in Macedonia occurred 398 tractor accidents. Most number of tractor accidents are happened in the city Strumica, where are recorded 50 accidents or 15,06% of all tractor accidents. In agricultural condition tractor accidents are mostly near the cities of Skopje and Kumanovo where are happened 8 or 12,12% tractor accidents each. According to the number of tractor accidents in agricultural regions, accidents mostly happened in Mediterranean agricultural region where recorded 178 or 44, 72% of all tractor accidents. In Macedonia according to the number of tractor accidents most critical locations are local and regional roads where happened 213 or 53,52% of all tractor accidents.U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja najčešćih mesta - lokacija događanja nesreća sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Makedonije. U vremenskom periodu od 1999. do 2003. godine, dogodilo se ukupno 398 nesreća u kojima su učestvovali traktori. Najveći broj saobraćajnih nesreća gde su učestvovali traktori evidentirano je u Strumici sa ukupno 50 ili 15,06% nesreća, od ukupnog broja nesreća sa traktorima. Najveći broj nesreća pri radu sa traktorom u poljoprivrednim uslovima je evidentirano u okolini Skoplja i Kumanova po 8 ili 12,12% nesreća, od ukupnog broja nesreća sa traktorom. Prema poljoprivrednim regionima u Republici Makedoniji u Mediteranskom poljoprivrednom regionu evidentirano je najveći broj nesreća 178 ili 44,72%. Putevi van naseljenih mesta su najrizičniji prema broju nesreća u kojima su učestvovali traktori gde je ukupno evidentirano 213 ili 53,52% nesreća, od ukupnog broja nesreća u kojima su učestvovali traktori

Posledice nesreća sa traktorima u poljoprivredi sa učešćem starije populacije farmera

In agricultural production of the Republic of Macedonia, during the usage of tractors in the field or in public transportation, a large number of accidents occurs. These accidents often have heavy bodily injuries and tragic outcomes as consequences for the participants. Gathered data notes that injuries involving tractors, related to farmers older than 59 years of age, have an increased frequency. Older farmer population also has an increased percentage of injuries with tragic outcomes. During the period of the research, from 1999 to 2003, there has been a total of 101 tragic deaths in the Republic of Macedonia, 57 (or 56.44%) of which in traffic accidents and 44 (or 43.56%) in accidents involving tractor usage under agriculture circumstances. These accidents included the tragic deaths of 13 farmers aged 55 to 65 (or 15.29% of the total number of deaths), and 14 farmers older than 65 (or 16.47%). It should be noted that the most common causes that influence the increased number of tragic accidents involving older farmer population are their reduced perceptive, mental and physical abilities, which greatly effect the safety during work.U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u eksploataciji traktora na njivi ili u javnom saobraćaju u R. Makedoniji, javlja se veliki broj nesreća, kada učesnici najčešće, kao posledice, imaju teške telesne povrede, ili su to tragične posledice. Podaci iz literature pokazuju da povrede na traktorima, koje su vezane za godine starosti farmera iznad 59 godina starosti, imaju povećanu frekvenciju. Starija populacija farmera ima i veći procenat povreda sa tragičnim posledicama. U periodu istraživanja od 1999. do 2003. godine u Republici Makedoniji, ukupno je tragično nastradalo 101 osoba, od kojih 57 (56,44%) u saobraćajnim nesrećama i 44 (43,56%) u nesrećama pri radu sa traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima. U ovim nesrećama bilo je ukupno tragično nastradalih farmera u starosnoj grupi od 55 do 65 godina, 13 osoba ili 15,29%, i iznad 65 godina 14 osoba, ili 16,47%. Kao najčešći uzrok koji utiče na povećanje broja tragičnih slučajeva kod starije populacije farmera, treba navesti, njihove smanjene senzorne i psihomotorne sposobnosti, koje utiču na bezbednost u toku rada

Preventivne mere u sprečavanju udesa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije

In this paper are presented prevention measures for decreasing the number of tractor accidents in agriculture in Republic of Macedonia. According from the results of the investigation from 1999 to 2003 in agriculture production was reported 398 tractor accidents. As the results of disrespect of traffic signs and regulations happened 203 (51, 00%) accidents, psycho-physical condition and poorly experience was cause of 87 (21,86%) accidents and 42 (10,55%) accidents are results of mistakes of pedestrians, riders and technical malfunction of vehicles. In agricultural condition on the field happened 66 (16,58%) tractor accidents. For decreasing the number of tractor related accidents and injuries in the agriculture production in Republic of Macedonia, we have to implement recommendations which are described in: Regulations for tractor safety, Technical solution for increasing of tractor safety, and The organization measures for safety tractor exploitation.U radu su prikazane preventivne mere u cilju sprečavanja udesa sa traktorima u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije. Prema rezultatima istraživanja u vremenskom periodu od 1999 do 2003 godine, dogodilo se ukupno 398 nesreća u kojima su učestvovali traktori. Kao rezultat nepoštovanja saobraćajnih znakova i propisa dogodilo se 203 (51,00 %) nesreća, psiho-fizičko stanje i nedovoljno iskustva rukovaoca traktora uzrok je 87 (21,86%) nesreća, a greške pešaka, putnika i tehnička neispravnost vozila 42 (10,55%) nesreća. Pri radu sa traktorima u poljoprivrednim uslovima dogodilo se ukupno 66 ( ili 16,58%) nesreća. Kao posledice u ovim nesrećama nastradalo je ukupno 610 osoba. Sa ciljem sprečavanja udesa i smanjenja broja povređenih osoba u poljoprivredi Republike Makedonije treba dosledno se pridržavati prema predloženim preventivnim merama koje su navedene u: • zakonskim regulativama sigurnosti rada TMA, • tehnička rešenja za povećanje bezbednosti i sigurnosti rada TMA, i • organizaciona rešenja rada TM

Impact of the Input Shaft Number of Revolutions on the Gear Pair Teeth Bending Stress in a Planetary Reducer

Тhis paper aimed to examine the possibilities to improve the characteristics of planetary reducers, considering their wide application in mechanical engineering. For this purpose, it was first investigated how the change in the speed of the input shaft of the planetary reducer affects the bending stress in the roots of the teeth of the gear pairs that are formed by the teeth of the driving shaft and the satellite gears, at a constant number of teeth and a constant transmission ratio of the planetary gear. Then it was investigated whether and how the change in the number of teeth on the driving shaft affects the bending stress of the teeth