Citizen Environmental Litigation and the Administrative Process: Empirical Findings, Remaining Issues and a Direction for Future Research

It is not the purpose of this work to explicate the various arguments for or against citizen suits. These arguments have been presented in detail elsewhere. Rather, this Article will explore some of the remaining issues which face those who must consider the use of citizen litigation as a vehicle for involving the public in the policy-making process. Such factors as administrative efficiency, democratic participation and the difficult-to-describe but critically important need to arrive at a concept of the public interest, must all be examined

Environmental Cooperation in the (Partially) Disaggregated State: Lessons from the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America

On August 20 and 21, 2007, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, US President George W. Bush, and Mexican President Felipe Calder6n met in Montebello, Quebec to discuss the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America ( SPP ), a trilateral initiative that has as its objective enhanced regulatory cooperation between the three North American states in order to improve continental security and regional competitiveness. Despite being described in prosaic terms by government officials and industry supporters as a primarily technical exercise, the SPP has attracted trenchant criticism across the political spectrum. The SPP has been described variously as integration by stealth, the creation of a North American European Union with none of the safeguards on the environment and social rights, and (most floridly) as a [u]nion that will bury America under more than 100 million, mostly poor Mexicans, and tens of millions of Canadians, used to their lavish social welfare benefits and socialized medicine. 3 Still others have dismissed the SPP altogether as a disappointing much ado about nothing, noting that it is little more than a grocery list of bureaucratic minutiae that ignores the pressing trade and social imperatives affecting the region. And so opens another front in the fight over globalization. From a governance perspective, the SPP appears to adopt on a grand scale what international legal and international relations scholars have identified as a trend towards international regulation through informal arrangements negotiated directly by domestic agencies with their foreign counterparts. In this regard, Anne-Marie Slaughter has written extensively about a new world order based on overlapping networks of regulators who seek to coordinate transnational activity and achieve common goals through direct agency-to-agency interactions. In some cases, the form of cooperation is quite minimal, such as sharing information on best regulatory practices or extending notice of regulatory activities to regulators in potentially impacted jurisdictions. However, informal cooperation efforts may evolve into more substantively prescriptive arrangements, such as regulatory harmonization, mutual recognition arrangements, and cooperative enforcement mechanisms. What distinguishes these governance structures from traditional forms of international cooperation is that network arrangements are not negotiated through central agencies such as foreign affairs departments, nor do they revolve around a formally binding treaty. Instead, cooperating regulators directly interact with one another with a view to developing shared guidelines or frameworks for cooperation to institutionalize their cooperative efforts. To use Professor Slaughter\u27s phrase, the state as a relevant international actor is increasingly disaggregating into its separate, functionally distinct parts, as opposed to operating as a single, indivisible unit. [CONT

Climate Law and Policy in North America: Prospects for Regionalism

This Article surveys the current bilateral and trilateral initiatives aimed at GHG emission reductions in North America with a view to assessing the nature and potential role of regional climate change law and policy within a broader global framework. In this context, by regional cooperation, we mean cooperation organized on a North American scale. In pursuit of this objective, this Article seeks to identify, first, how climate change mitigation may be regulated usefully on a regional scale, and second, the governance structures and institutions that may be drawn upon to create and implement regional cooperation on climate change. Particular consideration is also given to the capacity of regional approaches to climate change cooperation to meet the different climate change objectives that Mexico has identified, given the less developed state of its economy

Ordering the Elephants to Dance: Consent Decrees and Organizational Behavior

This Article analyzes some of the organizational factors associated with the positive influence that consent decrees assert. This Article also acknowledges those organizational factors that inhibit the attainment of the consent decree\u27s intended goals. This discussion relies on a consent decree case involving a controversy over a major urban freeway in California, the Century Freeway or 1-105