Performance of antigen concentration thresholds for attributing fever to malaria among outpatients in Angola

The density of malaria parasites is a key determinant of whether an infected individual develops fever. While the pyrogenic threshold for malaria parasite density has been well studied, there are no analogous data on the antigen levels associated with fever during infection. Samples from 797 afebrile and 457 febrile outpatients from two provinces in Angola with known concentrations of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2), aldolase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) antigens were analyzed by Bayesian latent class modeling to attribute malarial etiology to the fevers and to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of different antigen thresholds for detection of malaria fevers. Among patients with aldolase or LDH levels detectable with a bead-based assay, the concentrations of these two antigens did not differ between afebrile and febrile patients. In contrast, the concentrations of HRP2 were substantially higher in febrile HRP2-positive patients than in afebrile HRP2-positive patients. When HRP2 concentrations were considered, the malaria-attributable fractions of fever cases were 0.092 in Huambo Province and 0.39 in Uíge Province. Diagnostic tests detecting HRP2 with limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 3,000 to 10,000 pg/µl would provide ideal sensitivity and specificity for determination of malarial etiology among febrile persons

Molecular Markers of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Resistance in Samples from Children with Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum at Three Sites in Angola in 2019

Funding Information: The study was funded by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and the Advanced Molecular Detection program at CDC. Funding Information: We thank all study staff and participants, Venceslau Mambi Pelenda, José Bumba da Cunha, Oliveira Kiatoko, Felismina Caquece, Luzala Elisabeth Armando Garcia, Djos Kialanda, Garcia Pembele, Domingos Jandondo, and Belmira José Bondo. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S. Agency for International Development. The study was funded by the U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative and the Advanced Molecular Detection program at CDC. P.R.D., C.M.F., B.N.A., S.L., R.H., J.F.M.M., F.F., J.F.M., and M.M.P. designed and participated in the specimen collection. P.R.D., A.L.M.C., S.R.R., and J.K. performed the laboratory analysis. P.R.D., A.L.M.C., J.K., S.R.R., J.-H.M.O., and E.T. analyzed the sequencing data. S.R.R. and M.M.P. wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2023 Rosillo et al.Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is used for prevention of malaria in pregnant women in Angola. We sequenced the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes, implicated in SP resistance, in samples collected during a 2019 study of artemisinin-based combination therapy efficacy in Benguela, Lunda Sul, and Zaire provinces. A total of 90 day 0 and day of failure samples were individually sequenced, while 508 day 0 samples from participants without recurrent parasitemia were pooled after DNA extraction into 61 pools. The N51I, C59R, and S108N pfdhfr mutations and A437G pfdhps mutations were present at high proportions in all provinces (weighted allele frequencies, 62% to 100%). The K540E pfdhps mutation was present at lower proportions (10% to 14%). The A581G pfdhps mutation was only observed in Zaire, at a 4.6% estimated prevalence. The I431V and A613S mutations were also only observed in Zaire, at a prevalence of 2.8% to 2.9%. The most common (27% to 66%) reconstructed haplotype in all three provinces was the canonical quadruple pfdhfr pfdhps mutant. The canonical quintuple mutant was absent in Lunda Sul and Benguela and present in 7.9% of samples in Zaire. A single canonical sextuple (2.6%) mutant was observed in Zaire Province. Proportions of the pfdhps K540E and A581G mutations were well below the World Health Organization thresholds for meaningful SP resistance (prevalence of 95% for K540E and 10% for A581G). Samples from therapeutic efficacy studies represent a convenient source of samples for monitoring SP resistance markers.publishersversionpublishe

Prevalence of molecular markers of artemisinin and lumefantrine resistance among patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in three provinces in Angola, 2015

Abstract Background Artemisinin-based combination therapy is the first-line anti-malarial treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Angola. To date, the prevalence of polymorphisms in the pfk13 gene, associated with artemisinin resistance, and pfmdr1, associated with lumefantrine resistance, have not been systematically studied in Angola. Methods DNA was isolated from pretreatment and late treatment failure dried blood spots collected during the 2015 round of therapeutic efficacy studies in Benguela, Lunda Sul, and Zaire Provinces in Angola. The pfk13 propeller domain and pfmdr1 gene were sequenced and analysed for polymorphisms. Pfmdr1 copy number variation was assessed using a real-time PCR method. The association between pfmdr1 and pfk13 mutations and treatment failure was investigated. Results The majority of pretreatment (99%, 466/469) and all late treatment failure (100%, 50/50) samples were wild type for pfk13. Three of the pretreatment samples (1%) carried the A578S mutation commonly observed in Africa and not associated with artemisinin resistance. All 543 pretreatment and day of late treatment failure samples successfully analysed for pfmdr1 copy number variation carried one copy of pfmdr1. The NYD haplotype was the predominant pfmdr1 haplotype, present in 63% (308/491) of pretreatment samples, followed by NFD, which was present in 32% (157/491) of pretreatment samples. The pfmdr1 N86 allele was overrepresented in day of late treatment failure samples from participants receiving artemether–lumefantrine (p value 0.03). Conclusions The pretreatment parasites in patients participating in therapeutic efficacy studies in 2015 in Angola’s three sentinel sites showed genetic evidence of susceptibility to artemisinins, consistent with clinical outcome data showing greater than 99% day 3 clearance rates. The lack of increased pfmdr1 copy number is consistent with previous reports from sub-Saharan Africa. Although pfmdr1 NYD and NFD haplotypes were overrepresented in artemether–lumefantrine late treatment failure samples, their role as markers of resistance was unclear given that these haplotypes were also present in the majority of successfully treated patients in the artemether–lumefantrine treatment arms

Evaluating malaria case management at public health facilities in two provinces in Angola

Abstract Background Malaria accounts for the largest portion of healthcare demand in Angola. A pillar of malaria control in Angola is the appropriate management of malaria illness, including testing of suspect cases with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and treatment of confirmed cases with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT). Periodic systematic evaluations of malaria case management are recommended to measure health facility readiness and adherence to national case management guidelines. Methods Cross-sectional health facility surveys were performed in low-transmission Huambo and high-transmission Uíge Provinces in early 2016. In each province, 45 health facilities were randomly selected from among all public health facilities stratified by level of care. Survey teams performed inventories of malaria commodities and conducted exit interviews and re-examinations, including RDT testing, of a random selection of all patients completing outpatient consultations. Key health facility readiness and case management indicators were calculated adjusting for the cluster sampling design and utilization. Results Availability of RDTs or microscopy on the day of the survey was 71% (54–83) in Huambo and 85% (67–94) in Uíge. At least one unit dose pack of one formulation of an ACT (usually artemether–lumefantrine) was available in 83% (66–92) of health facilities in Huambo and 79% (61–90) of health facilities in Uíge. Testing rates of suspect malaria cases in Huambo were 30% (23–38) versus 69% (53–81) in Uíge. Overall, 28% (13–49) of patients with uncomplicated malaria, as determined during the re-examination, were appropriately treated with an ACT with the correct dose in Huambo, compared to 60% (42–75) in Uíge. Incorrect case management of suspect malaria cases was associated with lack of healthcare worker training in Huambo and ACT stock-outs in Uíge. Conclusions The results reveal important differences between provinces. Despite similar availability of testing and ACT, testing and treatment rates were lower in Huambo compared to Uíge. A majority of true malaria cases seeking care in health facilities in Huambo were not appropriately treated with anti-malarials, highlighting the importance of continued training and supervision of healthcare workers in malaria case management, particularly in areas with decreased malaria transmission

Capacity Development through the US President’s Malaria Initiative–Supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network

Antimalarial drug resistance is an evolving global health security threat to malaria control. Early detection of Plasmodium falciparum resistance through therapeutic efficacy studies and associated genetic analyses may facilitate timely implementation of intervention strategies. The US President’s Malaria Initiative–supported Antimalarial Resistance Monitoring in Africa Network has assisted numerous laboratories in partner countries in acquiring the knowledge and capability to independently monitor for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance

Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 Mutations, 9 Countries in Africa, 2014–2018

The spread of drug resistance to antimalarial treatments poses a serious public health risk globally. To combat this risk, molecular surveillance of drug resistance is imperative. We report the prevalence of mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum kelch 13 propeller domain associated with partial artemisinin resistance, which we determined by using Sanger sequencing samples from patients enrolled in therapeutic efficacy studies from 9 sub-Saharan countries during 2014–2018. Of the 2,865 samples successfully sequenced before treatment (day of enrollment) and on the day of treatment failure, 29 (1.0%) samples contained 11 unique nonsynonymous mutations and 83 (2.9%) samples contained 27 unique synonymous mutations. Two samples from Kenya contained the S522C mutation, which has been associated with delayed parasite clearance; however, no samples contained validated or candidate artemisinin-resistance mutations