Identifikasi Zona Rawan Banjir Dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis

Abstrak Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Dengkeng merupakan bagian dari DAS Bengawan Solo Hulu yang termasuk dalam wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo. Terdegradasinya lahan terbuka yang menjadi bangunan maupun kawasan pemukiman namun tidak dilakukan dengan penataan yang baik merupakan penyebab dari rusaknya daerah aliran Sungai Bengawan Solo terutama daerah hulu, mengakibatkan semakin berkurangnya sumber air di daerah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui luasan dan area mana saja yang termasuk daerah rawan banjir serta untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya banjir di Sub DAS Dengkeng. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode skoring dan overlay (tumpang susun) antara peta jenis tanah, peta penggunaan lahan, peta kemiringan lereng,peta jaringan sungai dan peta curah hujan. Peta zona rawan banjir diperoleh dari overlay kelima peta tersebut. Identifikasi zona rawan banjir dilakukan dengan menggunakan data dari Penginderaan Jauh dan diolah dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan acuan untuk melakukan konservasi dan rehabilitasi lahan. Data penginderaan jauh yang digunakan adalah citra satelit Landsat Tahun 2012 yang digunakan untuk pembuatan peta penggunaan lahan sub DAS Dengkeng tahun 2012 menggunakan ENVI 4.4. Peta curah hujan dibuat menggunakan data curah hujan periode 2001-2011 dan peta kemiringan lereng menggunakan data titik tinggi Sub DAS Dengkeng yang diolah menggunakan ArcGIS 9.3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan luasan masing-masing zona rawan banjir di wilayah Sub DAS Dengkeng. Dari hasil analisis luas Sub DAS Dengkeng yaitu 822,153 km². Wilayah yang termasuk dalam zona tidak rawan seluas 3,349 km² (0,41%) dan zona agak rawan sebesar 45,865 km² (5.58%). Wilayah yang termasuk ke dalam zona cukup rawan seluas 268.744 km² (32.69%). Untuk luas zona rawan dan sangat rawan yaitu 469.63 km² (57.12%) dan 34.567 km² (4.20%). Kata kunci : Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS), Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG), Zona Rawan Banjir, Skoring, Overla

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Genome-wide association identifies nine common variants associated with fasting proinsulin levels and provides new insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE - Proinsulin is a precursor of mature insulin and C-peptide. Higher circulating proinsulin levels are associated with impaired b-cell function, raised glucose levels, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies of the insulin processing pathway could provide new insights about T2D pathophysiology. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We have conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association tests of ;2.5 million genotyped or imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and fasting proinsulin levels in 10,701 nondiabetic adults of European ancestry, with follow-up of 23 loci in up to 16,378 individuals, using additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, fasting insulin, and study-specific covariates. RESULTS - Nine SNPs at eight loci were associated with proinsulin levels (P < 5 × 10-8). Two loci (LARP6 and SGSM2) have not been previously related to metabolic traits, one (MADD) has been associated with fasting glucose, one (PCSK1) has been implicated in obesity, and four (TCF7L2, SLC30A8, VPS13C/ C2CD4A/B, and ARAP1, formerly CENTD2) increase T2D risk. The proinsulin-raising allele of ARAP1 was associated with a lower fasting glucose (P = 1.7 3 10-4), improved b-cell function (P = 1.1 × 10-5), and lower risk of T2D (odds ratio 0.88; P = 7.8 × 10-6). Notably, PCSK1 encodes the protein prohormone convertase 1/3, the first enzyme in the insulin processing pathway. A genotype score composed of the nine proinsulin-raising alleles was not associated with coronary disease in two large case-control datasets. CONCLUSIONS - We have identified nine genetic variants associated with fasting proinsulin. Our findings illuminate the biology underlying glucose homeostasis and T2D development in humans and argue against a direct role of proinsulin in coronary artery disease pathogenesis