Creating an enabling environment for community engagement in school-based governance: A glimmer of hope

In 1960, the global enrolment of primary school aged children was less than half. By the 1990s, in spite of rapid population growth in much of the world, the proportion of primary enrolled school children was more than 75 percent. The credit to this spread in educational access does not only go the western of often called the formal form of school operations but to indigenous educational provision and management models as well. It has been observed in many developing countries around the world that indigenous development of a targeted geographical area

Essays on exchange rate pass through, monetary policy regimes, and financial development and growth

Monetary policy has become a key component of economic policies. Modern monetary policy has been shaped by a substantial amount of theoretical and empirical research over the past few decades. The thesis focuses on three particular areas where the influences of monetary policy have become of great importance over the recent decades. While the 1st chapter sets out the backdrop, the 2nd chapter focuses on exchange rate pass through elasticities and their macroeconomic determinants. Pass through is a source of inflation through imports in open economies and has reportedly been declining in a number of countries since the 1980s for aggregate prices level. Low average and persistent inflation has been suggested as one of the main reasons for this decline. Pass through is influenced by the monetary policy regimes. We first estimate the pass through elasticities and verify the evidence of declining pass through across different monetary policy regimes for 39 countries over the period 1981 to 2010 by constructing some relevant indices. We find the evidence of declining pass through over the period. Secondly, we verify the important macroeconomic determinants by including some macroeconomic variables and monetary policy regimes. Our findings reaffirmed the importance of inflation in determining pass through elasticities and suggest that inflation targeting monetary policy regime and greater central bank autonomy reduce pass through elasticities. In the 3rd chapter, we first provide a classification of de facto monetary policy regimes for 124 countries, which includes 7 exchange rate regimes and 4 inflation targeting and monetary targeting regimes. The previous studies had only classified de facto exchange rate regimes and ignored the underlying monetary policy frameworks in their classifications exercises. However, the outcome of such classifications will not be accurate, as some of the identical exchange rate regimes will have different monetary policy frameworks, such as inflation targeting, which needs to be taken into account in any proper assessment of the impact of the regimes on growth and inflation. Secondly, we evaluate the regime performances on growth and inflation by using pooled mean group (PMG) estimation method instead of GMM. PMG is more suitable for panel analysis with a large number of time series observations () and the number of groups(). The findings suggest that monetary policy with nominal anchors is more conducive to growth. The 4th chapter focuses on the relationship between financial development and economic growth in terms of both the quality and volume of financial development in eight Asian and south east Asian emerging economies for the period 2003 to 2012. We have estimated the cost and profit efficiencies of the banks in these countries for the first time to measure the quality of financial institutions. Broad money growth and bank credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP have been used for the volume measures. The findings suggest the importance of both the volume and the quality of financial development for growth in these countries. The 5th and the final chapter concludes

An Overview of Disaster and Emergency Management Systems Models

Emergencies and disasters can cause immense physical, emotional and financial losses to individuals, organisations, and larger scale countries. These emergencies and disasters can fundamentally cause casualties, and in many cases, loss of life. Psychological and financially the impacts on individuals, organisations and countries can be irretrievable due to the impact of the disaster or emergency. Emergency management systems provide a multi-level overview of emergency environments. Bearing the current emergency management models in mind, this article looks at reviewing the existing six models in order to provide a solution for a more comprehensive emergency management system for implementation. If emergencies are managed effectively, these negative impacts can be removed or at least minimised. The article evaluates with an extensive literature review, how to develop a holistic framework to address the shortfalls of existing models

Transforming pedagogies: Emerging contexts and texts of teaching learning

This brief offers recommendations for policy and practice around ensuring continuity of education in emergency situations. It also aims at engaging important stakeholders to assert the need for education in emergencies in countries like Pakistan, which frequently confront natural and human-led disasters. This brief also discusses the need for ‘education in emergencies’ in a ‘low HDI’ developing nation such as Pakistan, where being exposed to natural and human-led disasters seems to be a way of life. It provides an initial platform for those who are interested in understanding the scope of this theme, as well as designing and delivering educational programmes in areas situations of conflict, disaster and tragedy. Education provision in emergency situations can comprise a wide range of programmatic interventions ranging from non-formal education activities (that can be arranged using minimum resources, whilst demanding parental support and participation), to formal (school-based) activities (requiring investment in intensive training, community involvement and co-operation of local authorities) (Betancourt, 2005)

Reversible elements in rings

We study some properties related to zero divisors and reversibility in noncommutative rings