Conservative solute transport with periodic velocity and sinusoidal source concentration in semi-infinite porous media: An analytical solution

The present paper has been focused mainly towards understanding of the various parameters affecting the transport of conservative solutes in horizontally semi-infinite porous media. A model is presented for simulating one-dimensional transport of solute considering the porous medium to be homogeneous, isotropic and adsorbing nature under the influence of periodic seepage velocity. Initially the porous domain is not solute free. The solute is initially introduced from a sinusoidal point source. The transport equation is solved analytically by using Laplace Transformation Technique. Alternate as an illustration; solutions for the present problem are illustrated by numerical examples and graphs

ETHOSOME: A NEW TECHNOLOGY USED AS TOPICAL & TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM

Transdermal drug delivery system was first introduced more than 20 years ago. Transdermal drug delivery system is a type of convenient drug delivery system where drug goes to the systemic circulation through the protective barrier i.e. Skin is the main target of topical and transdermal preparations. Major aim of transdermal drug delivery system is to cross the stratum corneum. Various methods have been tried to increase the permeation rate of drugs temporarily. Vesicular system is one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances in that ethosome are the ethanolic phospholipids vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes are soft, malleable vesicles tailored for enhanced delivery of active agents. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. These ethosomes permeates inside the skin and fuse with cell membrane lipids and release the drug. Hot and cold methods are used for formulation of ethosomes. Evaluation parameters include size, shape, drug content, zeta potential etc. Ethosomes have been successfully evaluated for the delivery of many drugs for e.g. Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutmol, trihexyphenidil, etc. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug’s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment. Ethosomes can be important drug delivery tool in the future. KEYWORDS: Ethosomes, Transdermal, Vesicular carriers, Ethanol, Phospholipid

A Study On Association Between Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3 Level In Children In PMCH, Patna, Bihar

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common worldwide and are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. The most common causal agents are the bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia and influenza-virus. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the level of serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3 in respiratory tract infection (both upper and lower) in children. Materials and Methods: A Case control study of total 105 cases of age group 2 months to 12 years from both indoor and OPD patients of Department of Pediatric Medicine, Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna Bihar, were taken as cases who were suffering from respiratory tract infection and 86 disease free age and sex matched children were taken as control. Results: This study included total 196 children of age group 2 months to 12 years.  105 children who were suffering from respiratory tract infection were taken as cases and 86 disease free age and sex matched children were taken as controls.The mean age of cases was 40.88±37.57 months and that of control was 37.66±35.25.Maximum population were in vitamin D insufficient state both in case and control. Conclusion: To conclude supplementation of vitamin D may be useful in prevention of RTIs, specially the LRTI group and to decrease the number of PICU admission. However more studies are needed to be performed in this field to assess further correlation with frequency, severity and the types of RTIs

To Study The Prevalence and Pattern Of Resistance in Typhoid Fever Including Multi Drug Resistant Typhoid Fever (MDRTF) And Nalidixic Acid Resistant Salmonella Typhi (NARST) in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Typhoid fever is a global health problem. Its real impact is difficult to estimate because the clinical picture is confused with those of many other febrile infections. Aim and Objectives: To Study The prevalence and pattern of resistance in typhoid fever including MDRST and NARST. Materials and Methods: A Descriptive study / Case control study Were Conducted of All children admitted with clinical suspicion of typhoid fever and All children with fever (38oC and above) for atleast three days, with a laboratory confirmed positive culture of S.typhi.(WHO definition for confirmed cases of typhoid fever) 38. in All medical wards of Patna Medical College and Hospital, Patna (PMCH) From February 2020 to January 2021. Results: Incidence of multidrug resistant and quinolone resistant typhoid fever was found to be 43.6% and 20.5% respectively which vary with time and place. Conclusion: Hence there is a constant need to monitor antibiotic sensitivity pattern of S.typhi and periodically review the antibiotic policy in the hospital and the community so as to effectively utilize these antibiotics

Study of prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile children less than 5 years of age

Background: Fever is the most common reason for children under 5 years of age to visit the OPD. Unlike other foci of infection only little attention has been focussed on identification of UTI in febrile children. Quite often child receives antibiotics empirically without adequate evaluation of UTI. Hence it is essential to identify UTI in febrile children to institute prompt treatment and to reduce the threat of lifelong morbidity. Objective: To determine - 1) the prevalence of UTI in all febrile children, from 2 months to 5 years of age and 2) the validity of urinary tests (urine analysis and urine culture) in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Materials and Method: Hospital based prospective study includes 100 children from 2 month to 5 years with febrile illness admitted in the upgraded department of Paediatrics, Patna Medical College & Hospital, Patna. Data related to age, sex, predisposing factors will be noted. Urine samples collected by– 1) Clean midstream catch in children more than 2 years and 2) Bag collection in children less than 2 years. Urine analysis and urine culture has to be done in all these patients.USG abdomen to be done in patients with culture positive UTI. Results & Conclusion: Our present study reveals the overall prevalence rate of UTI as 10%. The prevalence rate in children <1 year of age was highest (4%). All the children with pyuria of > 5 pus cells/HPF of centrifused urine sample were found to have significant growth and hence the association between pyuria >5 pus cells and urine culture is highly significant and hence this test is highly valid

Role Of Radio Imaging (CT and MRI) In Children With First Episode Of Apparent Unprovoked Generalized Seizure

Introduction:Approximately 10% of population will have at least one seizure in their lifetime at some point of time. Half of these will occur during childhood and adolescence with highest risk before one year. Some patients with a first seizure eventually go on to have additional seizures and be diagnosed with epilepsy. Thus the occurrence of a single seizure in childhood deserves careful consideration. Aims and objectives: To determine the percentage of children presenting with first episode of an apparent unproved generalized seizure and role of CT and MRI. Materials and Methods: Children between the age groups of 6 months to 12 years presenting to the O.P.D and Emergency department of Pediatric Medicine, PMCH, Patna , Bihar from March 2018 to February 2019. Results: In our study among all unprovoked generalized seizures in childhood- idiopathic variety is the commonest group 88.13%(N=52) out of total 59 cases. Among all unprovoked generalized seizures generalized tonic clonic is the major group 69.49%(N=41). Conclusion: The incidence of radioimaging abnormality in first episode of unprovoked generalized seizure is significant ( 11.86%). Majority of lesions being granuloma -either tuberculoma or cysticercosis

Study of Lipid Profile and Thyroid Function Abnormality In Children Of Nephrotic Syndrome

Background: Hypercholesterolemia and subclinical hypothyroidism were common problem in nephrotic syndrome. Monitoring of lipid profile to done not only in the diagnosis and also in relapse cases. Because in relapse cases serum cholesterol persistently elevated and predispose to the development of atheroslerosis.Aims and Objectives: To study the correlation between lipid and thyroid profile and different types of nephrotic syndrome in children between 1 to 12 years and also study the association between serum albumin with lipid profile and TSH. Materials &Method: 80 cases of different types of nephrotic syndrome included in our study that includes first episode, relapses, Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome(SDNS), Steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome(SRNS) and in remission. Only one value is taken and its distribution in different types of nephrotic syndrome was analysed. Results:  Males are affected more with mean age of presentation of 6.9 years. SRNS cases cholesterol level significantly elevated compared to other types. T3, T4 and TSH were within normal limit, negative correlation between albumin with cholesterol and TSH. Conclusion: Serum cholesterol should be monitored in relapse cases, because persistent elevation in relapse cases predispose to development of atherosclerosis. In SRNS cases cholesterol level was highly elevated and may require lipid lowering agents. No need of routine thyroid screening in a case of nephrotic syndrome. Keywords: Nephrotic syndrome, Lipid profile, Thyroid functio