8,486 research outputs found
Leadership process models: A review and synthesis
In organizational research, studying "processes" is important for uncovering and understanding the underlying causal mechanisms in a predictor-mediator-outcome logic. Processes answer "how" and "why" questions and provide more complete explanations about phenomena. Our focus in this review is on studies of leadership processes, which we systematically analyze to report on the state-of-the science. In doing so, we present a two-dimensional target-centric taxonomy to integrate previous research: The taxonomy distinguishes the target's level (i.e., individual follower, team, organizational, and extra-organizational) as well as the type of leadership processes that affect either the target's development or leverage of resources. Our review indicates that the predominantly studied leadership "meta" process model looks at the effect of leader traits or behaviors on performance-related outcomes through cognitive, affective, or behavioral leveraging factors. This "meta" model points to several important and understudied processes including a leader's influence on the target's development or work context. We also identify two largely overlooked yet critical issues for leadership process research: Modeling the role of time and that of multiple processes through which leadership effects manifest themselves in organizations. Using our taxonomy, we provide several reflection points that can guide the development of genuine and thoughtful leadership process theories. We conclude by urging future leadership process research to embrace multi-process, multi-level, and time-sensitive models
Nonperiodic echoes from mushroom billiard hats
Mushroom billiards have the remarkable property to show one or more clear cut
integrable islands in one or several chaotic seas, without any fractal
boundaries. The islands correspond to orbits confined to the hats of the
mushrooms, which they share with the chaotic orbits. It is thus interesting to
ask how long a chaotic orbit will remain in the hat before returning to the
stem. This question is equivalent to the inquiry about delay times for
scattering from the hat of the mushroom into an opening where the stem should
be. For fixed angular momentum we find that no more than three different delay
times are possible. This induces striking nonperiodic structures in the delay
times that may be of importance for mesoscopic devices and should be accessible
to microwave experiments.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. E without the appendi
HRM inside UK e-commerce firms : innovations in the ‘new’ economy and continuities with the ‘old’
The e-commerce approach to people management (i.e. HRM) is popularly believed to be radically new and an innovative rewriting of the ‘old’ rules of employment. Yet little is known about which HR practices are used by such companies, and what might explain these companies’ policy selections in the realm of HR. Exploratory survey data based on a sample of 30 small-medium UK e-commerce firms reports use of employee involvement in decision-making, internal communication, financial participation and reward schemes, performance evaluation, training and provision for employment security. Insights from interviews with five senior managers from the sample augment the survey data with qualitative evidence on e-commerce firms’ approach to HR. The findings suggest that this approach falls somewhere between radical ‘new’ innovations and enduring continuities with ‘old’ people management techniques, and that this has parallels with the experience of small-medium enterprises generally
Optimizing passive acoustic sampling of bats in forests
Passive acoustic methods are increasingly used in biodiversity research and monitoring programs because they are cost-effective and permit the collection of large datasets. However, the accuracy of the results depends on the bioacoustic characteristics of the focal taxa and their habitat use. In particular, this applies to bats which exhibit distinct activity patterns in three-dimensionally structured habitats such as forests. We assessed the performance of 21 acoustic sampling schemes with three temporal sampling patterns and seven sampling designs. Acoustic sampling was performed in 32 forest plots, each containing three microhabitats: forest ground, canopy, and forest gap. We compared bat activity, species richness, and sampling effort using species accumulation curves fitted with the clench equation. In addition, we estimated the sampling costs to undertake the best sampling schemes. We recorded a total of 145,433 echolocation call sequences of 16 bat species. Our results indicated that to generate the best outcome, it was necessary to sample all three microhabitats of a given forest location simultaneously throughout the entire night. Sampling only the forest gaps and the forest ground simultaneously was the second best choice and proved to be a viable alternative when the number of available detectors is limited. When assessing bat species richness at the 1-km(2) scale, the implementation of these sampling schemes at three to four forest locations yielded highest labor cost-benefit ratios but increasing equipment costs. Our study illustrates that multiple passive acoustic sampling schemes require testing based on the target taxa and habitat complexity and should be performed with reference to cost-benefit ratios. Choosing a standardized and replicated sampling scheme is particularly important to optimize the level of precision in inventories, especially when rare or elusive species are expected
Rabi Oscillations at Exceptional Points in Microwave Billiards
We experimentally investigated the decay behavior with time t of resonances
near and at exceptional points, where two complex eigenvalues and also the
associated eigenfunctions coalesce. The measurements were performed with a
dissipative microwave billiard, whose shape depends on two parameters. The
t^2-dependence predicted at the exceptional point on the basis of a two-state
matrix model could be verified. Outside the exceptional point the predicted
Rabi oscillations, also called quantum echoes in this context, were detected.
To our knowledge this is the first time that quantum echoes related to
exceptional points were observed experimentally.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure
First experimental evidence for quantum echoes in scattering systems
A self-pulsing effect termed quantum echoes has been observed in experiments
with an open superconducting and a normal conducting microwave billiard whose
geometry provides soft chaos, i.e. a mixed phase space portrait with a large
stable island. For such systems a periodic response to an incoming pulse has
been predicted. Its period has been associated to the degree of development of
a horseshoe describing the topology of the classical dynamics. The experiments
confirm this picture and reveal the topological information.Comment: RevTex 4.0, 5 eps-figure
CYK Tensors, Maxwell Field and Conserved Quantities for Spin-2 Field
Starting from an important application of Conformal Yano--Killing tensors for
the existence of global charges in gravity, some new observations at \scri^+
are given. They allow to define asymptotic charges (at future null infinity) in
terms of the Weyl tensor together with their fluxes through \scri^+. It
occurs that some of them play a role of obstructions for the existence of
angular momentum.
Moreover, new relations between solutions of the Maxwell equations and the
spin-2 field are given. They are used in the construction of new conserved
quantities which are quadratic in terms of the Weyl tensor. The obtained
formulae are similar to the functionals obtained from the
Bel--Robinson tensor.Comment: 20 pages, LaTe
First Experimental Observation of Superscars in a Pseudointegrable Barrier Billiard
With a perturbation body technique intensity distributions of the electric
field strength in a flat microwave billiard with a barrier inside up to mode
numbers as large as about 700 were measured. A method for the reconstruction of
the amplitudes and phases of the electric field strength from those intensity
distributions has been developed. Recently predicted superscars have been
identified experimentally and - using the well known analogy between the
electric field strength and the quantum mechanical wave function in a
two-dimensional microwave billiard - their properties determined.Comment: 4 pages, 5 .eps figure
- …