19 research outputs found
Rapid Synthesis of Dual-Responsive Hollow Capsules with Controllable Membrane Thickness by Surface-Initiated SET-LRP Polymerization
We present a facile and highly effective
route to construct a dual-responsive
polymeric capsule with photo-cross-linkable property based on surface-initiated
single electron transfer living radical polymerization (SI-SET-LRP)
exploiting silica particles as templates, dimethylÂaminoethyl
methacrylate (DMAEMA) as dual-responsive component, and 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)Âbenzophenone
(BMA) as an effective photo-cross-linker. This approach is highly
efficient with complete monomer conversion in 15 min at ambient temperature
resulting in wall thickness of 55 nm and usable in technical applications.
Hollow capsules are available after photo-cross-linking of polymeric
shell and removing silica particle, of which the morphology and composition
were confirmed by employing a range of techniques, such as FTIR, TGA,
TEM, SEM, cryo-TEM, DLS, GPC, and UVâvis spectroscopy. Thus,
it represents a significant advance in the development of complex
polymeric capsules synthesis usable for various applications (e.g.,
biotechnology and systems biology)
Tailored Synthesis of Intelligent Polymer Nanocapsules: An Investigation of Controlled Permeability and pH-Dependent Degradability
In this study, we present a new route to synthesize an intelligent polymer nanocapsule with an ultrathin membrane based on surface-initiated reversible additionâfragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. The key concept of our report is to use pH-responsive polydiethylaminoethylmethacrylate as a main membrane-generating component and a degradable disulfide bond to cross-link the membrane. The permeability of membrane, tuned by adjusting pH and using different lengths of the cross-linkers, was proven by showing a dramatic swelling behavior of the nanocapsules with the longest cross-linker from 560 nm at pH 8.0 to 780 nm at pH 4.0. Also, due to the disulfide cross-linker, degradation of the capsules using GSH as reducing agent was achieved which is further significantly promoted at pH 4.0. Using a rather long-chain dithiol cross-linker, the synthesized nanocapsules demonstrated a good permeability allowing that an enzyme myoglobin can be postencapsulated, where the pH controlled enzyme activity by switching membrane permeability was also shown
Cellular Interactions with Photo-Cross-Linked and pH-Sensitive Polymersomes: Biocompatibility and Uptake Studies
Polymeric nanoparticles, specifically polymersomes, are
at the
leading edge of the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. However,
their use for biological applications is primarily limited by the
biocompatibility of the components. Hence, optimization of polymersome
synthesis protocols should carefully consider aspects of cellular
toxicity. In this work, we investigate the viability of HDF and HeLa
cells treated with photo-cross-linked and pH-sensitive polymersomes.
We demonstrate how aspects of polymersome preparation conditions such
as cross-linking density and UV irradiation time may affect their
cytotoxic properties. Additionally, we also study the cellular uptake
of our polymersomes into the cell types mentioned
Multifunctional and Dual-Responsive Polymersomes as Robust Nanocontainers: Design, Formation by Sequential Post-Conjugations, and pH-Controlled Drug Release
Robust, multiresponsive, and multifunctional
nanovesicles are in
high demand not only as carrier systems but also for applications
in microsystem devices and nanotechnology. Hence, multifunctional,
pH-responsive, and photo-cross-linked polymersomes decorated with
adamantane and azide groups are prepared by mixed self-assembly of
suitably end-modified block copolymers and are used for the subsequent
postconjugation of the polymersome surface by using covalent and noncovalent
approaches. For the covalent approach, nitroveratryloxycarbonyl-protected
amine (NVOC) molecules as light-responsive moieties are introduced
into the polymersomes through an azideâalkyne click reaction.
After photocleavage of NVOC units, functional dye molecules react
with the now freely accessible amine groups. The noncovalent approach
is performed subsequently to introduce further moieties, making use
of the strong adamantane-β-cyclodextrin hostâguest interactions.
It is quantitatively proven that all reactive groups have sufficient
accessibility as well selective and orthogonal reactivity throughout
these stepwise processes to allow the successful establishment of
aimed pH- and light-responsive multifunctional polymersomes. Moreover,
this sequential methodology is also applied to obtain doxorubicin-loaded
multifunctional polymersomes for an efficient pH-controlled drug release.
Overall, tunable membrane permeability combined with the potential
for introducing multiple targeting groups by light-exposure or hostâguest
interactions make these smart polymersomes promising nanocontainers
for many applications
Tetra-Sensitive Graft Copolymer Gels as Active Material of Chemomechanical Valves
Stimuli-responsive
hydrogels combine sensor and actuator properties by converting an
environmental stimulus into mechanical work. Those materials are highly
interesting for applications as a chemomechanical valve in microsystem
technologies. However, studies about key characteristics of hydrogels
for this application are comparatively rare, and further research
is needed to emphasize their real potential. The first part of this
study depicts the synthesis of grafted hydrogels based on a polyÂ(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) backbone and pH-sensitive polyÂ(acrylic
acid) graft chains. The chosen approach of grafted hydrogels provides
the preparation of multiresponsive hydrogels, which retain temperature
sensitivity besides being pH-responsive. A pronounced salt and solvent
response is additionally achieved. Key characteristics for an application
as a chemomechanical valve of the graft hydrogels are revealed: (1)
independently addressable response to all stimuli, (2) significant
volume change, (3) sharp transition, (4) reversible swellingâshrinking
behavior, and (5) accelerated response time. To prove the concept
of multiresponsive hydrogels for flow control, a <i>net</i>-polyÂ(<i>N</i>-acrylamide)-<i>g</i>-polyÂ(acrylic
acid) hydrogel containing 0.6 mol % polyÂ(acrylic acid)-vinyl is employed
as active material for chemomechanical valves. Remarkably, the chemomechanical
valve can be opened and closed in a fluidic platform with four different
stimuli
Immobilized Multifunctional Polymersomes on Solid Surfaces: Infrared Light-Induced Selective Photochemical Reactions, pH Responsive Behavior, and Probing Mechanical Properties under Liquid Phase
Fixing polymersomes onto surfaces
is in high demand not only for the characterization with advanced
microscopy techniques but also for designing specific compartments
in microsystem devices in the scope of nanobiotechnology. For this
purpose, this study reports the immobilization of multifunctional,
responsive, and photo-cross-linked polymersomes on solid substrates
by utilizing strong adamantaneâβ-cyclodextrin hostâguest
interactions. To reduce nonspecific binding and retain better spherical
shape, the level of attractive forces acting on the immobilized polymersomes
was tuned through polyÂ(ethylene glycol) passivation as well as decreased β-cyclodextrin
content on the corresponding substrates. One significant feature of
this system is the pH responsivity of the polymersomes which has been
demonstrated by swelling of the immobilized vesicles at acidic condition
through in situ AFM measurements. Also, light responsivity has been
provided by introducing nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) protected
amine molecules as photocleavable groups to the polymersome surface
before immobilization. The subsequent low-energy femtosecond pulsed
laser irradiation resulted in the cleavage of NVOC groups on immobilized
polymersomes which in turn led to free amino groups as an additional
functionality. The freed amines were further conjugated with a fluorescent
dye having an activated ester that illustrates the concept of bio/chemo
recognition for a potential binding of biological compounds. In addition
to the responsive nature, the mechanical stability of the analyzed
polymersomes was supported by computing Youngâs modulus and
bending modulus of the membrane through force curves obtained by atomic
force microscopy measurements. Overall, polymersomes with a robust
and pH-swellable membrane combined with effective light responsive
behavior are promising tools to design smart and stable compartments
on surfaces for the development of microsystem devices such as chemo/biosensors
Sphere-Like ProteinâGlycopolymer Nanostructures Tailored by Polyassociation
Key parameters allow a reproducible
polyassociation between avidin
and biotinylated glycopolymers in order to fabricate defined supramolecular
nanostructures for future (bio)Âmedical and biotechnological applications.
Thus, the polymerization efficiency of biotinylated glycopolymers
in the fabrication of biohybrid structures (BHS) was investigated
with regard to the influence of (i) the degree of biotinylation of
the dendritic glycoarchitectures, (ii) two biotin linkers, (iii) the
dendritic scaffold (perfectly branched vs hyperbranched), and (iv)
the ligandâreceptor stoichiometry. The adjustment of all these
parameters opens the way to fabricate defined sizes of the final biohybrid
structures as a multifunctional platform ready for their use in different
applications. Various analytical techniques, including purification
of BHS, were used to gain fundamental insights into the structural
properties of the resulting proteinâglycopolymer BHS. Finally,
the elucidation of pivotal conformational properties of isolated BHS
with defined sizes by asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation study
revealed that they mainly possess spherical-/star-like properties.
From this study, the fundamental knowledge can be likely transferred
to other assemblies formed by molecular recognition processes (e.g.,
adamantane-β-cyclodextrin)
Coil-like Enzymatic Biohybrid Structures Fabricated by Rational Design: Controlling Size and Enzyme Activity over Sequential Nanoparticle Bioconjugation and Filtration Steps
Well-defined
enzymatic biohybrid structures (BHS) composed of avidin, biotinylated
polyÂ(propyleneimine) glycodendrimers, and biotinylated horseradish
peroxidase were fabricated by a sequential polyassociation reaction
to adopt directed enzyme prodrug therapy to proteinâglycopolymer
BHS for potential biomedical applications. To tailor and gain fundamental
insight into pivotal properties such as size and molar mass of these
BHS, the dependence on the fabrication sequence was probed and thoroughly
investigated by several complementary methods (e.g., UV/vis, DLS,
cryoTEM, AF4-LS). Subsequent purification by hollow fiber filtration
allowed us to obtain highly pure and well-defined BHS. Overall, by
rational design and control of preparation parameters, e.g., fabrication
sequence, ligandâreceptor stoichiometry, and degree of biotinylation,
well-defined BHS with stable and even strongly enhanced enzymatic
activities can be achieved. Open coil-like structures of BHS with
few branches are available by the sequential bioconjugation approach
between synthetic and biological macromolecules possessing similar
size dimensions
Cyclodextrin-Adamantane HostâGuest Interactions on the Surface of Biocompatible Adamantyl-Modified Glycodendrimers
A series of adamantyl-modified glycodendrimers
(<b>mPPI-Gx-AdaA-C</b>) was prepared in a two-step synthesis
using two efficient reactions:
(1) urea bond formation from amine and isocyanate and (2) reductive
amination. <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy (host guest titration and
ROESY experiments) was used to evaluate the graded effect of steric
hindrance as a function of the number and type of oligosaccharide
molecules and of the number of adamantyl (Ada) units on the complexation
with monomeric β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Glycosylated fourth
generation PPIs showing an average substitution in adamantyl groups
of 13% were found to interact with β-CD effectively, and were
considered as candidates for further complexation studies with a polymeric
cyclodextrin derivative (<i>poly-</i>β-CD). The hostâguest
interaction features of the maltosylated dense shell glycodendrimer
along with the low cytotoxicity provided the rational basis for the
use of these adamantyl-functionalized glycodendrimers in the design
of supramolecular systems potentially useful as healthcare materials
MOESM1 of Effects of dendritic coreâshell glycoarchitectures on primary mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts obtained from different human donors
Additional file 1. Additonal information on the investigated (oligo-)maltose-modified PEI nanoparticles