Feedback related negativity.

<p>Grand average waveforms of feedback-related visual evoked potentials for the maximum loss (red), maximum gain (black), minimum loss (green) and minimum gain (blue) condition showing the FRN effect with larger FRN amplitudes in response to loss feedback compared to gain feedback (onset of feedback stimuli at 0 ms). The scalp topography (derived from the peak amplitude of the difference waveform of maximum loss and maximum gain condition observed 270 ms after presentation of the feedback stimulus) shows a frontocentral maximum over Fz.</p

Paradigm.

<p>Schematic diagram showing the design of a trial of the gambling task used in this study.</p

Time frequency analysis.

<p>The comparison (difference) of the results of the time-frequency analysis of maximum loss and maximum gain conditions revealed theta, alpha and low-beta activity to be more pronounced in the maximum loss condition and delta and high-beta activity to be more pronounced in the maximum gain condition (onset of feedback stimuli at 0 ms). For all frequencies, we found frontocentral maxima of differences between conditions. The scalp topographies are derived from the peak amplitudes of the difference waveforms (maximum loss minus maximum gain condition) of the extracted frequency-specific wavelet layers (latencies: delta 150 ms; theta 340 ms; alpha 550 ms; low-beta 630 ms; high-beta 360 ms). The dotted lines indicate the frequencies of interest (from the bottom up: delta, theta, alpha, low-beta and high-beta).</p

Characteristics of the participant group.

<p>Characteristics of the participant group.</p

Mean values of electrophysiological measures per condition and ANOVA results.

<p>Amplitudes are reported in µV; latencies are reported in milliseconds. n.s.  =  not significant.</p

Relationship between response to aripiprazole once-monthly and paliperidone palmitate on work readiness and functioning in schizophrenia: A post-hoc analysis of the QUALIFY study

<div><p>Schizophrenia is a chronic disease with negative impact on patients’ employment status and quality of life. This post-hoc analysis uses data from the QUALIFY study to elucidate the relationship between work readiness and health-related quality of life and functioning. QUALIFY was a 28-week, randomized study (NCT01795547) comparing the treatment effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly 400 mg and paliperidone palmitate once-monthly using the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality-of-Life Scale as the primary endpoint. Also, patients’ capacity to work and work readiness (Yes/No) was assessed with the Work Readiness Questionnaire. We categorized patients, irrespective of treatment, by work readiness at baseline and week 28: No to Yes (n = 41), Yes to Yes (n = 49), or No at week 28 (n = 118). Quality-of-Life Scale total, domains, and item scores were assessed with a mixed model of repeated measures. Patients who shifted from No to Yes in work readiness showed robust improvements on Quality-of-Life Scale total scores, significantly greater than patients not ready to work at week 28 (least squares mean difference: 11.6±2.6, p<0.0001). Scores on Quality-of-Life Scale instrumental role domain and items therein–occupational role, work functioning, work levels, work satisfaction–significantly improved in patients shifting from No to Yes in work readiness (vs patients No at Week 28). Quality-of-Life Scale total scores also significantly predicted work readiness at week 28. Overall, these results highlight a strong association between improvements in health-related quality of life and work readiness, and suggest that increasing patients’ capacity to work is an achievable and meaningful goal in the treatment of impaired functioning in schizophrenia.</p></div

Patient demographics and baseline characteristics in patients categorized by shifts from baseline to week 28 in work readiness (WoRQ item 8).

<p>Patient demographics and baseline characteristics in patients categorized by shifts from baseline to week 28 in work readiness (WoRQ item 8).</p

Improvements in QLS items by shifts in work readiness.

<p>Changes in QLS item scores at week 28 categorized by shifts from baseline to week 28 in work readiness (WoRQ item 8) in all patients. Least squares mean (LSM) changes from baseline to week 28 are analyzed with MMRM in the full analysis set (FAS). *p<0.05 and **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 indicate differences vs the patients rated not ready to work at week 28. Error bars indicate standard error (SE) of the LSM.</p

Overview of the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and Work Readiness Questionnaire (WoRQ).

<p>Overview of the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale (QLS) and Work Readiness Questionnaire (WoRQ).</p

Improvements in QLS total and QLS domains by shifts in work readiness.

<p>Changes in QLS total and QLS domain scores at week 28 categorized by shifts from baseline to week 28 in work readiness (WoRQ item 8) in all patients. Least squares mean (LSM) changes from baseline to week 28 are analyzed with MMRM in the full analysis set (FAS). *p<0.05, and **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001 indicate significant differences vs the patients rated not ready to work at week 28. Error bars indicate standard error (SE) of the LSM.</p