Data_Altermatt&Ebert_2016_BiologyLetters

The table gives the location where larvae were sampled, the family assignement, information if the population was in a light-polluted area or in a dark-sky area. For both males and female moths, the number of indiviudals attracted to light vs. not-attracted is given

Examples of host sex differences that might influence parasite evolution.

<p>Examples of host sex differences that might influence parasite evolution.</p

Relative fitness of naturally uninfected and cured <i>Daphnia</i> genotypes.

<p>Relative fitness within genotype pairs from 22 populations in the absence or in the presence of a sympatric parasite. These are the same data as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0001280#pone-0001280-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>, but now mean values (±SE) of relative fitness are given. We furthermore distinguished between the planned treatments where all replicates were analysed (A) and the effective treatments (B). In the effective treatments we excluded replicates in which a successful establishment of the parasite could not be verified.</p

Fitness estimates from direct competition compared with estimates from competition against a common tester genotype.

<p>Correlation of mean (±SE) fitness estimates from eight genotype pairs estimated with two different approaches. The first approach used relative fitness of each genotype against a common tester and the difference between naturally uninfected and cured genotypes is calculated (x-axis). The second approach used direct competition within each genotype pair, and fitness of naturally uninfected relative to cured genotypes is given (y-axis). There is a significant positive correlation between these two estimates. Each genotype pair was from a different population. For comparison, we show the slope of one (dashed line), which would be a perfect fit of the two approaches.</p

Appendix A. Figures showing predicted annual hydroperiod length and desiccation events relative to pool volume.

Figures showing predicted annual hydroperiod length and desiccation events relative to pool volume

Susceptibility of naturally uninfected and cured <i>Daphnia</i> to infection with the parasite <i>O. bayeri.</i>

<p>We experimentally compared the susceptibility to infection of naturally uninfected <i>D. magna</i> and cured but formerly infected <i>D. magna</i> (infection status). Each line is the mean of a genotype pair from a different population. Within a population, cured but formerly infected genotypes had a significantly higher likelihood to become infected than naturally uninfected genotypes.</p

P_ramosa_allele_presence_absence

P. ramosa presence/absence data for each allele at each locu

Parasite evolution in relation to host sexual dimorphism and likelihood of encountering the other host sex.

<p>In red and blue are parameter combinations, which lead to monomorphic or dimorphic parasite populations, respectively. The higher the degree of host sexual dimorphism and the lower the probability of encountering the same host sex, the higher the likelihood is that a parasite will adapt specifically to its common host sex (A). When one host is different from the other, and so rare that a parasite cannot persist in it (e.g., males in a facultative sexual species like many rotifers, cladocerans, and aphids), then the parasite species may specialize entirely on the common sex (B). When one host is very different from the other in a trait important for the parasite (e.g., a primary sexual trait), then, disregarding the rate at which the opposite sex is encountered, the parasite may specialize entirely on the more suitable host (C). When males and females are very different from the parasite's point of view and the parasite encounters both sexes equally often (D), the parasite might evolve phenotypic plasticity (e.g., <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

Heuchera americana

P. ramosa estimated haplotypes in STRUCTURE forma