Peace movements in militaristic societies : Israel and Turkey as unidentical twins

Defence date: 17 May 2018Examining Board: Prof. Donatella della Porta, EUI (Supervisor- Scuola Normale Superiore); Prof. Olivier Roy, EUI; Prof. Klaus Eder, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Prof. Joel S. Migdal, University of WashingtonThis qualitative research studies different characteristics of peace movement groups and organizations in militaristic societies by using the most similar system design to compare Israel and Turkey. It attempts to explore the dynamic interaction of political opportunity structures (POS), mobilizing structures and framing through different time periods. The two countries are similar in many types of POS like having a militaristic society, ethnic division and being involved in armed conflicts. If Israel and Turkey have similar POS, does it mean that they also have similar characteristics of peace movements? With my research, I found out that in the two countries mobilizing structures and frames vary consistently. This can be explained through the fact that the development of mobilizing structures and frames is affected by other types of POS, in which Israel and Turkey differ: citizenship rights and foundational principles. These types of POS that vary between the two countries also explain the variance of peace movement groups’ and organizations’ characteristics. This study covers the period from 2000 (the Second Intifada) in Israel and from 2002 in Turkey (when AKP came to power) until Summer 2014. The research is conducted using interviews during fieldworks in Istanbul, Tel Aviv and Jerusalem between June 2012 and September 2014. This research is based on sixty-seven intensive interviews with thirty-seven peace movement groups and organizations; such as human rights organizations, anti-NATO groups, political organizations and groups supporting conscientious objectors. It includes mobilization during turning points like Operation Protective Edge (2014) and Gezi Protests (2013). It builds on the theories of political, as well as discursive opportunity structures, and citizenship studies, which are important to analyze how framing works through mobilizing structures in militaristic societies. To my knowledge, there is no previous research which deals extensively, and exclusively, with this topic, therefore my research is the first attempt to categorize and label these groups. The originality of this research depends on its empirical data as well as on its conceptual framework. Considering the recent mobilization in Israel, Turkey and the surrounding regions, this research is a very timely project. Besides that, it also contributes to the theoretical as well as methodological understanding of social movements, and peace movements in particular

Oral antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cesarean deliveries: pilot analysis in tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Puerperal infection remains a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortal ity. Those infections occur more likely after cesarean delivery (CD). Prophylactic antibiotics are administered at the time of CD to prevent complications. In addition to intraoperative prophy laxis; prescription of antibiotics during hospital discharge to prevent surgical site infections (SSI) is quite common. Purpose of this study is to determine the utility of prophylactic oral antibiotic prescription in a cohort of low-risk women undergoing CD. Materials and methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between 2014 and 2018 at Ufuk University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Total of 389 low risk elective cesarean deliveries were selected. All cases received intraoperative prophy laxis. In group I (157 subjects), no further antibiotics were given and in group II (232 cases), oral cephuroxime 500 mg was given during hospital discharge. Primary outcome was SSI. Secondary outcomes were endometritis and other infectious conditions. Results: Overall SSI rate was 2.5%. Only 2 SSIs were noted in group 1 (1.2%) compared to eight in group II (3.4%). There was no statistical difference in SSI rate between two groups. Secondary outcomes were also comparable. Conclusion: In this study, we failed to reveal any beneficial effect of oral antibiotic prescription during hospital discharge in low risk elective CDs. Therefore, use of oral antibiotics in addition to intraoperative prophylaxis should be questioned in terms of increased costs, emergence of bacterial resistance and long term effects on new born as a consequence of changes in gut microbiom

How do teachers exercise relational agency for supporting migrant students within social networks in schools from Scotland, Finland, and Sweden?

This study examines how teachers exercise relational agency - working flexibly with other actors in their social networks to support migrant students. Teachers and other staff members from 7 schools in Scotland, Finland and Sweden participated in social network surveys (n = 1116), online logs (n = 275) and interviews (n = 82). A mixed-method social network analysis shows how networks facilitate relational agency as teachers reach out to others to mobilise resources and tacit knowledge within their school communities. The findings point to the critical role of professional collaboration and suggest that social networks shape how teachers work with specialists to support migrant students.</p

İnsan Mide Adenokarsinoma Hücrelerinde Helicobacter Pylori'nin Neden Olduğu DNA Çift Sarmal Kırıkları ve Oksidatif Stresin Değerlendirilmesi

Didem, O. Evaluation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks and Oxidative Stress caused by Helicobacter pylori in Human Adenogastric Carcinoma Cells. Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Toxicology Program, Doctorate Thesis, Ankara,2019. It is well-known that infections caused by various microorganisms lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Several studies have shown that these species can change the intracellular oxidant/antioxidant balance and cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can cause DNA damage by many different mechanisms. DNA damage can be observed in a wide range, from simple and repairable base lesions to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are the most dangerous DNA damage types. Radiation and some bacterial toxins can cause carcinogenesis by inducing DSBs. Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that causes chronic infection in gastric mucosa. Approximately 50% of the world’s population has been reported to be infected with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection which causes gastritis, peptic ulcer, stomach adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosal lymphoma. Helicobacter pylori infection is categorized as “Group I carcinogen” by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of Helicobacter pylori infection and the mechanism of gastric carcinogenesis caused by this certain bacterium are not fully understood yet. Studies show that Helicobacter pylori infection can cause genetic instability both by direct DNA damage and by epigenetic mechanisms. Helicobacter pylori infection causes oxidative damage nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of the host. In addition, it can lead to chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability, and mutations by affecting DNA methylation. There are studies in the literature that show Helicobacter pylori infection can cause DSBs, oxidative stress and may also affect DSB repair mechanisms. However, there are not many studies that investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and oxidative stress. Studies to date have generally been conducted on clinical specimens and focused on the direct treatment of infection rather than focusing on the toxicity mechanisms of the bacterium. In the light of these data, the possible cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS elevations, and oxidative stress, DNA base lesions, changes in DNA repair proteins, apoptotic and autophagic changes caused by Helicobacter pylori in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cell line were investigated in detail in this thesis. In addition, AGS cells which were infected with Helicobacter pylori were investigated for the presence of histone 2A family X (H2AX) phosphorylation (-H2AX), a biomarker of DSBs. On the other hand, by evaluating that DSBs caused by Helicobacter pylori can be repaired, a DNA-protein kinase (DNA-PK, an important DSB repair protein) inhibitor was also included to the study and the related parameters were measured. Thus, we planned to foresee the outcomes of Helicobacter pylori infection in people which disrupted DSB repairs. According to the results, Helicobacter pylori infection caused significant increases in oxidative stress, changes in DNA repair proteins and increases in -H2AX levels, particularly in the presence of DNA-protein kinase inhibitor. Moreover, Helicobacter pylori infection triggered apoptosis and autophagy and cell death was significantly higher in both DNA-protein kinase inhibitor and Helicobacter pylori -exposed group.ONAY SAYFASI iii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI iii ETİK BEYAN v TEŞEKKÜR vi ÖZET vii ABCTRACT viii İÇİNDEKİLER ix SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR xiii ŞEKİLLLER xxi TABLOLAR xxiii 1. GİRİŞ 1 2. GENEL BİLGİLER 4 2.1. Helicobacter pylori 4 2.2. Helicobacter pylori İnfeksiyonunun Patogenezisi 15 2.2.1. Midedeki asidik ortama adaptasyon 17 2.2.2. Helicobacter pylori’nin Virülans Faktörleri 22 2.3. Helicobacter pylori-Konakçı Etkileşimi 43 2.3.1. Gastrik Mukozal İmmünite 43 2.3.2. Helicobacter pylori ve reaktif oksijen bileşikleri 49 2.3.3. Helicobacter pylori -DNA Hasarları 51 2.4. İnlamasyon-Kanser İlişkisi 59 3. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM 65 3.1. Kullanılan Kimyasal Maddeler 65 3.2. Kullanılan Araç ve Gereçler 66 3.3. Çalışmada Kullanılan Hücre ve Bakteri Hattı 66 3.4. Kullanılan Çözeltilerin Hazırlanması 67 3.4.1. Hücre Kültüründe Kullanılan Besiyerinin Hazırlanması 67 3.4.2. Nu7441’in hazırlanması 67 3.4.3. 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromür (MTT) Yöntemi ile Sitotoksisitenin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 67 3.4.4. Işık Mikroskobu İncelemelerinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 68 3.4.5. AGS Hücrelerinin Lizisinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 68 3.4.6. Protein Tayininde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 69 3.4.7. Reaktif Oksijen Bileşiklerinin Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 69 3.4.8. Glutatyon Peroksidaz 1 Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 70 3.4.9. Katalaz Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 71 3.4.10. Süperoksit Dismutaz Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 72 3.4.11. Total Glutatyon (GSH) Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 73 3.4.12. Total Antioksidan Kapasite (TAOC) belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 74 3.4.13. Lipit Peroksidasyonu Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 75 3.4.14. Protein Karbonil Ölçümünde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 76 3.4.15. 8-OHdG (8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanozin) ölçümünde kullanılan Çözeltiler 77 3.4.16. OGG1 Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 78 3.4.17. H2AX Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 79 3.4.18. Kaspaz 3 Tayininde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 80 3.4.19. Kaspaz 8 Tayininde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 81 3.4.20. BECN1(Beclin-1) Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 82 3.4.21. LC3 (MAP1 LC3 B) Protein Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 83 3.4.22. P62 Protein Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesinde Kullanılan Çözeltiler 84 3.5. Deneysel İşlemler ve Yöntemler 85 3.5.1. Hücre Kültürü 85 3.5.2. Bakteri Kültürü 86 3.5.3. Uygun Hücre Sayılarının Belirlenmesi 87 3.5.4. AGS Hücrelerinde 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum Bromür Yöntemi ile Sitotoksisitenin Belirlenmesi 88 3.5.5. Mikrokopik İncelemeler 90 3.5.6. Hücre İçi Reaktif Oksijen Türlerinin Belirlenmesi 91 3.5.7. Protein Miktarının Belirlenmesi 92 3.5.8. AGS Hücrelerinin Lizisi ve Fraksiyonlanması 93 3.5.9. Glutatyon Peroksidaz 1 Aktivitesinin Ölçümü 94 3.5.10. Katalaz Aktivitesinin Ölçümü 95 3.5.11. Süperoksit Dismutaz Aktivitesinin Ölçümü 97 3.5.12. Total Glutatyon Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi 99 3.5.13. Total Antioksidan Kapasite Ölçümü 100 3.5.14. Lipit Peroksidasyonunun Belirlenmesi 102 3.5.15. Karbonil Grubu Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 103 3.5.16. 8-hidroksi-2’deoksiguanin (8-OHdG) Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi 105 3.5.17. OGG1 (8-Oxoguanin Glikozilaz 1) Düzeylerinin Ölçülmesi 107 3.5.18. H2AX ve Pan H2AX Düzeylerinin Ölçülmesi 108 3.5.19. Kaspaz 3 Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 111 3.5.20. Kaspaz 8 Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 112 3.5.21. Beclin-1 (BECN1) Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 114 3.5.22. LC3 Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 116 3.5.23. p62 Düzeylerinin Ölçümü 118 3.6. Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi 120 4. BULGULAR 121 4.1. Sitotoksisite Tayini 121 4.2. Mikroskopik İncelemeler 122 4.2.1. Işık mikroskopu İncelemeleri 122 4.2.2. Elektron mikroskopu İncelemeleri 125 4.3. Hücre içi Reaktif Oksijen Bileşiklerinin Üretiminin Belirlenmesine İlişkin Sonuçlar 137 4.4. Antioksidan Enzim Aktivitelerinin Ölçümü. 139 4.4.1. Glutatyon Peroksidaz 1 Aktivitesi 139 4.4.2. Katalaz Aktivitesi 140 4.5. Süperoksit Dismutaz Enzim Aktivitesi 141 4.6. Total Glutatyon Düzeyleri 142 4.7. Total Antioksidan Kapasite (TAOC) Düzeyleri 142 4.8. Tiyobarbitürik Asit Reaktif Bileşikleri (TBARS) Düzeyleri 143 4.9. Protein Karbonil Düzeyleri 144 4.10. DNA Baz Hasarı Analizleri 145 4.11. DNA Onarım Proteini ( OGG1) Düzeyleri 146 4.12. DNA Çift Kırıkları Düzeyleri 147 4.12.1. H2AX Düzeyleri 147 4.12.2. Pan - H2AX Düzeyleri 148 4.13. Apoptotik Analizler 149 4.13.1. Kaspaz 3 Düzeyleri 149 4.13.2. Kaspaz 8 Düzeyleri 150 4.14. Otofaji Analizleri 151 4.14.1. Beclin-1 Düzeyleri Analizleri 151 4.14.2. LC3 Düzeyleri Analizleri 152 4.14.3. p62 Düzeyleri Analizleri 153 5. TARTIŞMA 155 5.1. Sitopatolojik Değerlendirmeler 157 5.2. Hücre Canlılığı ve ROS 158 5.3. Oksidan/Antioksidan Parametreler Üzerine Etkiler 162 5.4. Hücre Ölümü Mekanizmaları 169 5.5. DNA Hasarı 175 6. SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER 179 7. KAYNAKLAR 183 8. EKLER Ek 1. Orjinallik Ekran Çıktısı Ek 2. Dijital Makbuz 9. ÖZGEÇMİŞDidem, O. İnsan Mide Adenokarsinoma Hücrelerinde Helicobacter Pylori’nin Neden Olduğu DNA Çift Sarmal Kırıkları Ve Oksidatif Stresin Değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Farmasötik Toksikoloji Programı Doktora Tezi, Ankara,2019. Çeşitli mikroorganizmaların oluşturduğu infeksiyonların reaktif oksijen bileşikleri (ROS) ve reaktif azot bileşiklerinin (RNS) oluşumuna yol açtığı iyi bilinmektedir. Bu bileşiklerin de intrasellüler oksidan/antioksidan dengeyi değiştirip oksidatif strese neden olduğu birçok çalışmada gösterilmiştir. Oksidatif stres, birçok farklı mekanizma ile DNA hasarı oluşturabilmektedir. DNA hasarı, basit ve onarılabilir baz lezyonlarından, en tehlikeli DNA hasarı olan DNA çift sarmal kırıklarına (DSB) dek oldukça geniş bir yelpazede görülebilir. Radyasyon ve bazı bakteri toksinleri DSB'yi indükleyerek, karsinojeneze yol açabilir. Helicobacter pylori gastrik mukozada kronik infeksiyona neden olan bir Gram negatif bakteridir. Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonu Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Ajansı tarafından “Grup I karsinojen” olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Helicobacter pylori’nin neden olduğu toksisite altında yatan mekanizmalar ve bu bakterinin yol açtığı gastrik karsinojenezin mekanizması henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Çalışmalar Helicobacter pylori’nin hem doğrudan DNA hasarı yaparak, hem de epigenetik mekanizmalarla genetik instabiliteye neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonu konak DNA’sında oksidatif hasara neden olmaktadır. Literatürde, Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun oksidatif strese ve DSB’ye neden olduğu ve DSB onarım mekanizmalarını da etkileyebileceğini gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Ancak, Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonu ile oksidatif stres arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen yeterli sayıda çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu verilerin ışığında gerçekleştirilen tez kapsamında, gastrik adenokarsinoma (AGS) hücrelerinin Helicobacter pylori'ye maruziyeti sonucu ortaya çıkabilecek olası sitotoksisite, intrasellüler ROS artışı ve oksidatif stres, DNA baz lezyonları, DNA onarım proteinlerindeki değişiklikler, apoptotik ve otofajik değişiklikler detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca, AGS hücrelerinin Helicobacter pylori’yle infekte olması sonucu, hücrelerde DSB’nin bir biyogöstergesi olan histon 2A ailesi üyesi X (H2AX) fosforilasyonunun (-H2AX) belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, DSB onarım yolaklarıyla ile Helicobacter pylori maruziyeti sonucu ortaya çıkabilecek DSB’lerin onarılabileceği de düşünülerek çalışmaya bir DSB onarımında önemli rolü olan DNA-protein kinaz (DNA-PK) inhibitörü eklenmiş ve ilgili parametreler DNA-protein kinaz inhibitörü varlığında da ölçülmüştür. Bu şekilde, DSB onarımı bozulmuş bireylerde Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun neden olabileceği olası durumun öngörülmesi planlanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun özellikle DNA-PK inhibitörü varlığında oksidatif streste önemli artışlara, DNA onarım proteinlerinde değişikliklere ve -H2AX düzeylerinde belirgin artışlara yol açtığı ve apoptozu ve otofajiyi tetiklediği görülmüştür. Diğer taraftan, Helicobacter pylori ve DNA-PK inhibitörü birlikte maruz kalan grupta apoptoz ve otofajinin çok daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunun özellikle DSB onarımında sorun olan hücrelerde ciddi sorunlara yol açabileceği belirlenmiştir

Mother Tongue Instruction: Between Assimilation and Multicultural Incorporation

For many students with migrant backgrounds and newly arrived students, their mother tongue is not only a knowledge and a school grade issue, but also a reflection of their identity and a sense of belonging, which are shaped by political structures. In this article, we analyze the role of mother tongue in Swedish policy documents and the way teachers and students see the role mother tongue in two Swedish schools: how do school professionals and students view the importance of mother tongue? What measures are taken to encourage the mother tongues of students with a migration background and newly arrived students? What are the implications of and obstacles to studying one’s mother tongue? We will look at levers of integration where school staff, as well as policy documents, encourage modes of incorporation, but also do identify obstacles concerning the practice of mother tongue instruction. Our article shows that although students long for a double cultural belonging, the policy documents are ambiguous and create an unclear promise for migrant students and their mother tongue teachers concerning multicultural incorporation. In practice, they have little evidence that maintaining their cultural background represents a strong value in Sweden. Ambiguous attitude towards mother tongue can be seen as a symbolic response to Sweden as a country which took a turn regarding its migration policy. The integration of residents with a migrant background is constantly questioned in the media and became a central issue in political debates. The implementation of mother tongue instruction reflects Sweden’s current state of discussing migration concerning integration policies somewhere between recognition and stigmatization. The data are drawn from student interviews, interviews with mother tongue teachers, and field notes in two schools in one of the biggest cities in Sweden

Mother Tongue Instruction: Between Assimilation and Multicultural Incorporation

For many students with migrant backgrounds and newly arrived students, their mother tongue is not only a knowledge and a school grade issue, but also a reflection of their identity and a sense of belonging, which are shaped by political structures. In this article, we analyze the role of mother tongue in Swedish policy documents and the way teachers and students see the role mother tongue in two Swedish schools: how do school professionals and students view the importance of mother tongue? What measures are taken to encourage the mother tongues of students with a migration background and newly arrived students? What are the implications of and obstacles to studying one&rsquo;s mother tongue? We will look at levers of integration where school staff, as well as policy documents, encourage modes of incorporation, but also do identify obstacles concerning the practice of mother tongue instruction. Our article shows that although students long for a double cultural belonging, the policy documents are ambiguous and create an unclear promise for migrant students and their mother tongue teachers concerning multicultural incorporation. In practice, they have little evidence that maintaining their cultural background represents a strong value in Sweden. Ambiguous attitude towards mother tongue can be seen as a symbolic response to Sweden as a country which took a turn regarding its migration policy. The integration of residents with a migrant background is constantly questioned in the media and became a central issue in political debates. The implementation of mother tongue instruction reflects Sweden&rsquo;s current state of discussing migration concerning integration policies somewhere between recognition and stigmatization. The data are drawn from student interviews, interviews with mother tongue teachers, and field notes in two schools in one of the biggest cities in Sweden