Method of insetting predesigned disbond areas into composite laminates

This invention is a process for producing composite laminates containing interlaminar disbonds of controlled sizes, shapes, and positions within a composite structure. A composite layer is provided for later inclusion within a laminate. The surfaces of this composite layer are solvent cleaned and sandblasted, except in desired disbond areas, which are coated with a releasing surface. A template to mask the bond areas is employed to obtain disbond areas of controlled shapes and sizes. The resulting composite layer is then used in the subsequent manufacture of a laminate, whereby faulty adhesion in the laminate can be studied with prior knowledge of the size, shape, and location of the disbond areas

Composite lamination method

A process was developed for preparing relatively thick composite laminate structure wherein thin layers of prepreg tapes are assembled, these thin layers are cut into strips that are partially cured, and stacked into the desired thickness with uncured prepreg disposed between each layer of strips. The formed laminate is finally cured and thereafter machined to the desired final dimensions

Pseudomonas Cytochrome c551 at 2.0 angstrom Resolution: Enlargement of the Cytochrome c Family

The structure of respiratory cytochrome c551 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with 82 amino acids, has been solved by x-ray analysis and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 16.2%. It has the same basic folding pattern and hydrophobic heme environment as cytochromes c, c2, and c550, except for a large deletion at the bottom of the heme crevice. This same "cytochrome fold" appears to be present in photosynthetic cytochromes c of green and purple sulfur bacteria, and algal cytochromes f, suggesting a common evolutionary origin for electron transport chains in photosynthesis and respiration

On the origins of Mendelian disease genes in man: the impact of gene duplication

Over 3,000 human diseases are known to be linked to heritable genetic variation, mapping to over 1,700 unique genes. Dating of the evolutionary age of these disease-associated genes has suggested that they have a tendency to be ancient, specifically coming into existence with early metazoa. The approach taken by past studies, however, assumes that the age of a disease is the same as the age of its common ancestor, ignoring the fundamental contribution of duplication events in the evolution of new genes and function. Here, we date both the common ancestor and the duplication history of known human disease-associated genes. We find that the majority of disease genes (80%) are genes that have been duplicated in their evolutionary history. Periods for which there are more disease-associated genes, for example, at the origins of bony vertebrates, are explained by the emergence of more genes at that time, and the majority of these are duplicates inferred to have arisen by whole-genome duplication. These relationships are similar for different disease types and the disease-associated gene's cellular function. This indicates that the emergence of duplication-associated diseases has been ongoing and approximately constant (relative to the retention of duplicate genes) throughout the evolution of life. This continued until approximately 390 Ma from which time relatively fewer novel genes came into existence on the human lineage, let alone disease genes. For single-copy genes associated with disease, we find that the numbers of disease genes decreases with recency. For the majority of duplicates, the disease-associated mutation is associated with just one of the duplicate copies. A universal explanation for heritable disease is, thus, that it is merely a by-product of the evolutionary process; the evolution of new genes (de novo or by duplication) results in the potential for new diseases to emerge

Process for bonding elastomers to metals

A process for bonding elastomeric material to a metal part includes coating a heat curable adhesive on the surfaces of the metal part to be bonded. The metal part is placed in a mold, a bottom plate and an upper transfer pot of a transfer molding machine is preheated to a predetermined cure temperature. A predetermined quantity of uncured elastomeric material is loaded into the transfer pot. The mold containing the adhesive coated metal part is clamped to the bottom plate, and almost contemporaneously, the uncured elastomeric material is pressed into the mold while maintaining heat and pressure in the mold for a time sufficient to vulcanize and thereby cure the elastomeric material simultaneously with the adhesive, whereby contacting surfaces of the metal part are strongly bonded to the vulcanized elastomeric material

Composition of hog carcasses as influenced by heritable differences in rate and economy of gain

Much emphasis is placed on rate of gain in attempts to improve meat animals. However, little attention is given to composition of the carcass, except as it is indicated by the conformation of the live animals, largely because carcass data can be obtained only for progeny or relatives of the animals chosen for breeding purposes. Rate of gain and composition of carcasses are both determined by the growth rates of the constituent tissues. Hence, if there is more heritable variation in fat deposition, for example, than in growth of bone and muscle, selection for faster total gains would increase the rate of fat deposition more than it would the rate of bone and muscle growth, and fatter carcasses would result

Evaluation of selection in developing inbred lines of swine

Agricultural Experiment Stations of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Wisconsin and U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperatingDigitized 2007 AES.Includes bibliographical references (pages 58-[60])

Apollo spacecraft systems analysis program. Preliminary LR reflectivity model

Preliminary lunar reflectivity graph

Four frequency ground scatterometer

The FM-CW Radar, used as a microwave scatterometer is described. Scatterometer system design, scatterometer system calibration, parameter calculation and correction for data acquisition, ground scatterometer data acquistion at Jornada Experimental Range, and Kansas radar cross-calibration test are discussed

The Crystal Structure of a Proposed Hinesol Intermediate

The structure of a proposed intermediate of the naturally occurring sesquiterpene hinesol was determined by X-ray analysis. The structure was solved using the heavy-atom technique and refined to an R index of 0-065 for 1739 non-zero reflections. The results of the analysis revealed that the intermediate had a structure incompatible with conversion to hinesol